Innovative power engineering

Stoichiometric combustion on the oxidation of 1 kg of fuel requires 14.7 kg of air.

To convert from mass to volume units, we have use the air density (Table. 2) [4], and calculate the amount of water to 1 kg of air:

kmax = fmax / , (g/kg)

where kmax – the weight content of water in the air, g/kg.

Table 2

>ass containing of water in the air and water mass, getting into the engine from the ambient air considering combustion

of 1 kg. of fuel

Now, multiplying kmax at the stoichiometric ratio, you know how much water gets into the engine during the combustion of 1 kg of fuel. The calculation results are in Table. 2 and Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. The weight of the water flowing into the engine from the ambient air during combustion of 1 kg

of gasoline, kg

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Thus, depending on the temperature during combustion of 1 kg of gasoline into the engine from the ambient air enters from 0.009 to 0.384 kg of water.

In work practice of testing laboratory “MADI-CHEM” there are often cases when the engine oil collected from the engines of new cars, water could be found.

For example, at the end of winter specialists of dealer stations of Moscow there were prepared samples of engine oil from engines of three new, not sold cars. The cars were parked in the open parking in Moscow, “waiting for” their customers, and were periodically started for a short time to reshuffle, coming to the area of pre-selling preparation, to the area of additional equipment, cleaning, etc. According to the research samples, along with the deterioration of a number of indicators, in the engine oil there have been found 0.69 ...

0.85 % of water. Considering the amount of engine oil (4 l), it turns out that the engine oil has collected 0,028 ... 0,034 kg of water.

Running of each of the vehicles did not exceed 50 km. Taking into

account the ambient temperature (–20...–10 °C), and fuel consumption: 5 l • O€b [a ]XVc[g vk kilometers, it is theoretically possible that

the ingress of moisture from the ambient air will be 0,034 ... 0,086 kg. This means that between 33 and 100 % humidity, with air trapped

in the cylinder chamber, then pass into the sump, which is impossible for a technically serviceable vehicle. Therefore, it is necessary to look for other ways of penetration of water into the oil.

Findings

The analysis of the reasons for the ingress of water into the engine oil during operation of the vehicle and quantitative assessment allowed to establish:

according to the ambient temperature during combustion of 1 kg of gasoline into the engine air enters from 0.009 to 0.384 kg of water;

accumulation of water occurs to a greater extent in the operation of a cold engine, the car travels a short distance and low ambient temperatures.

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given that the mass of the water enters the engine at low ambient-flowing air, has a minimum value, for example only 0.009 kg of water collect in cylinders at burning 1kg of fuel at ambient air temperature –20 °C, is necessary to look for other causes water to enter the engine oil.

References

1.Troyer D., Finch J. Oil analysis basics. – 2nd ed. – Tulsa, Oklahoma USA: Noria Corporation 2010.

2.Technical maintenance of vehicles: a textbook for high schools / EU. Kuznetsov [et al.]; Ed. EU. Kuznetsova. – 4th ed., Rev. and add. – M.: Nauka, 2001. – 535 p.

3.Usoltsev V.A. Measurement of humidity. – L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1959. – 182 p.

4.Burov L.I., Srelchenya V.M. Physics from A to Z: the students, prospective students, tutors. – Minsk: Paradox, 2000. – 561 p.

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MASTERS’ OF SCIENCE ADVANCED ENGLISH PROFESSIONAL STUDIES IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRICAL ENERGETICS AND ENGINEERING

Vasilii V. TIUNOV

Perm National Research Polytechnic University (PNRPU), Perm, Russia

The results of development and practical implementation of advanced English training course into a higher school educational process for masters of science in electro-mechanics at the polytechnic university electrical engineering department are introduced.

Keywords: electro-mechanics, professional studies in English, author's advanced training course, didactical features, contents, implementation.

Introduction

The Electro-mechanics forms the basis of modern energetics and it is in the focus of the widest international attention. So the English language as a subject matter is of a great importance for specialists in electrical engineering and energetics. The masters’ program «The Electro-mechanics» is realized in the department of electrical engineering and electro-mechanics of the PNRPU for several years. In this case, the English masters’ (magistrants’) training carried out for the total work load of 96 hours, including 27 hours of classroom workshops. The necessary vocabulary of English professional terminology: expressions, abbreviations, symbols, measurement units, grammatical forms of constructing the oral speech and written technical texts adopted by IEC standards and regulations is formed by this program.

The education didactical base and principles

As a didactic framework, the system of situational visualization of learning process has been adopted using the original collections of foreign publications and audio-support of ‘mother’s tongue’ records. It was reworked and presented in a clear and very convenient mode of "Karaoke". In addition, the author prepared a fairly comprehensive English-Russian thesaurus for professional dictionary (over 6,500

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lexical units, words and phrases on electro-mechanics). On this base a test version of the electronic dictionary has been designed. It takes a little over two megabytes of memory, which is much smaller than the size of the average electronic dictionaries, available at the moment. Structure of the software allows us to add new dictionaries, so there is the possibility of creating a single multi-lingual base of electrotechnical terms in one frame. Moreover, there already exist our first version of trilingual thesaurus (English, German, Russian) on electromechanics, which could be supplemented by French and Chinese language (this is the one of the proposals for our dear friends from China).

The main principles of teaching are to implement the following education provisions:

The concise repetition and consolidation of English grammar, using a convenient tabular approach as computer presentations.

The sequential administration in the educational process of solving a problem of professional orientation of educational material with immersion into environment activities of technical specialists (with elements of role-playing games).

The systematic implementation of a basic principle of education

–a dosed transition from simple to complicated material; from laboring to engineering activity of a specialist.

The applying methods of systematic studied material repetition before giving new information, which provides the best memorization of the input English-language vocabulary.

The significant increasing the visibility and visual representability of technical details for each object, using computer’s presentations, and discussing each problem’s situation with the active participation of students in dialogues with an educator and with each other.

The high rate of material’s new presentations in combination with economical and rational introduction of the specific language units detailing, receiving by students, if necessary, the explanation of educator, who is a specialist in the field of electro-mechanics.

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Adaptation of students to solving problems of a foreign language communication in different situations:

–the entry into professional contact and communicative development of this contact in the understandable form for aliens: foreign identification of technical objects, describing their structure, geometry, properties, characteristics of systems’ design, etc.; the concise, logical and correct description of the various systems ‘ functioning principles and components of these facilities; properties of materials, used in them, etc., using the basis of international designations, international systems of units and terms of IEC standards and regulations;

–the instructions preparation for safe and correct usage of technical objects and processes; analysis and prevention of possible abnormal and dangerous situations for personnel and equipment is introduced in the course;

–integral description of the basic elements of technique, and, in particular, elements of electromechanical systems with using an appropriate modern English scientific and technical vocabulary is studied on the lessons;

–the usage of terminology, adopted abroad , and methodologies of writing the English-language personal documents (questionnaires, visa applications, various declarations, professional resumes and biographies, etc.) is shown for students;

The methods of teaching

According to the curriculum, there are only practical exercises which are held in different forms: lectures and dialogue form with educator's explanatory, mainly in English only, with a brief, if necessary for learners, explanations in Russian, dialogues between educator and magistrants, magistrants’ discussions among themselves and with an educator; magistrants’ performing during the course of training tasks, tests in dialogues and monologues form to update the material.

The primary parts of tasks and exercises are visualized, using computers’ situational demonstrations that provides substantial

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intensification of the educational process, and contributes much to a better fixation of the material within the classroom work. An electronic copying of these materials and their audio scripts on students’ personal computers allows implementing the process of postgraduates’ selfstudy at home much more effectively (during along all life and all time of engineering activity) .

Independent work of the learners

It is carried out in a planned volume of 69 hours and is working with the electronic and print English-language textbooks, practice skills in reading and listening, in the study individually recommended English-language scientific and technical literature on the profile of research in preparation for the practical exercises with the related exercises. The result of independent work is to prepare a final qualifying paper and its presentation in the English electronic and oral forms.

Basic training materials on discipline

1.Tiunov V.V. E-learning slide course “English for the future engineers.” Based on the textbook of D. Bonami, 1994 (UK), part 1, 2, Perm, PNRPU, 2008.

2.Tiunov V.V. E-learning slide course “Technical English”. Based on the textbook of D. Bonami, 1994 (UK), part 1, 2, 3, 4, Perm, PNRPU, 2009 (with the application of a newly developed sound supplement in the mode of “Karaoke”).

3.Methodical complex “English for students, teachers and administrators of technical universities” (ILAN). Edited by Polyakova T.Y. Development of the Tempus-project “Innovative programs in a foreign language for technical universities” (Austria, Sweden, Russia) in 4 books, ed. MADI (TU). – Moscow, 2009.

4.Polyakova T.Y., Siniavskaya E.V., Tunkovo O.I., Ulanovskaya E.S.: English for Engineers:Tutorial. Ed.7-th, rev. M:Higher School, 2009. – 463 p.

5.Artsinovich N.K. English Grammar in the tables: a handbook / N.K. Artsinovich – M: Astrel: AST, 2009. – 110 c. (In the form of

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presentations designed to visualize the learning process in classroom and homework).

6.D. Rizoni. Principles of Electrical Engineering (in English). Ed.4, rev. – USA, New York, 2004 – 1022 s. (As elaborated presentation in form of computer’s files).

7.A.J. Kompton. Principles of electromagnetism and their application (in English). Ed. Van Hostrand Peynhold, UK, 2008. – 152 s.

8.M.G. Say. AC machine (in English). 4th ed. Publ. Pitman, London, 1996, in 3 books. (as elaborated presentation files)

Conclusion

Five years' experience of discipline teaching shows a great interest to it of the most part of students. Based on this, we can conclude about the correctness of selected approaches to the implementation of organization and methodical support of educational process. Graduates began much more active using the knowledge of English and linguistic skills in their practical work. They have given a high estimation of the course syllabus and its contents.

References

Tiunov V.V. The new ESP-course of training for masters in electro-mechanics “Professional English” // Electro-mechanics, Electro-technology, Electrical Materials and Components (ICEEE – 2012) Proceedings of the XIV International Conference, Crimea, Alushta, 23–29 of September, 2012 / Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, ..., Scientific research. Univ MEI [etc.], 2012. p. 346–348.

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FREEZING OF CONDENSATE IN THE EXHAUST SYSTEM OF CARS

N.I. Kuznetsov, M.Yu. Petukhov

Perm National Research Polytechnic University (PNIPU)

A.A. Khaziev, A.V. Laushkin

The Moscow State Automobile

and Road Construction University (MADI)

Discussed are the design features of exhaust systems of cars and the factors influencing the formation of condensation in them.

Keywords: exhaust system, design features, the condensate.

Introduction

In the modern metropolis operation of vehicles is characterized by frequent short trips when the engine does not have time to warm up, many hours of movement in traffic jams, long-term operation of the engine at idle, etc.

Under these conditions, the motor and its systems are not warmed up to operating temperature. This occurs most frequently during vehicle operation at low temperatures.

The low temperature of engine parts leads to condensation on the cylinder walls and enters the sump penetration of not only gasoline, which hasn’t been evaporated, but also the water formed in large quantities during the combustion of fuel

These operating conditions have a negative impact on car engine: the engine oil accumulates water and unburnt fuel fractions, and in some cases there is oil starvation mode;

Along with this, there are problems in the exhaust system – the silencer is not able to warm up quickly, its walls remain cold and moisture condenses on them. As a result, the system gradually accumulates more water. Thus, at short distances there is an effect of the condensate accumulation in engine oil and exhaust system of the vehicle [1].

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Fig. 1. Appearance of the car in the winter

In case of freezing of condensate in the exhaust system there is blocking from the exhaust system of the engine. Start of the motor in this case, becomes impossible. Ability to run only appears during thawing of the exhaust system. Often in such cases, the culprit is considered to be the vehicle manufacturer, as violations of the vehicle operating conditions are not detected.

The authors are informed about cases of judicial proceedings for failure to start the engine during freezing of condensate in the exhaust tract. Some of them ended with the termination of contracts of sale of generally serviceable cars and big fines for a seller. Courts established shortcomings in these cars, which are recognized to be manufacturing defects.

However, the presence of water in the exhaust system is not a sign of malfunction of the car. Moisture condensation in the exhaust system and its accumulation up to block the exhaust during freezing is a direct indication that the operation of the car took place in conditions different from normal.

Motorists are encouraged to make drainage holes in the elements of the exhaust, so that the appear of the water can be removed through them. To prolong the life of the muffler, some manufacturers of exhaust systems, for example, Bosal implement this idea for their products.

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