Учебное пособие 400126

1870?CA:05< 18E18x18c18e18l18;18

1870405< 18?5@5<5==>9 18i18n18d18e18x18 187=0G5=85 18018.18 18-B0 18?5@5<5==0O 181C45B 18>B>1@060BL,18 182 18:0:CN 18AB@>:C 18B01;8FK 18E18x18c18e18l18 184>;6=K 182K2>48BLAO 1840==K5;18

18C:065< 18<5B>4 18F18i18r18s18t18 18:><?>=5=B0 18A18D18O18T18a18b18l18e18‑ 184;O 18B>3>,18 18GB>1K 18D>@<8@>20=85 18>BGQB0 18?>H;> 18A 18 18?5@2>9 18AB@>:8;18

184;O 18B>3> 18GB>1K 182K25AB8 1840==K5,18 19=C6=> 19?@>AB> 19?@8A2>8BL 197=0G5=85 192 19X19L19A19p19p19.19C19e19l19l19s19[19AB@>:0,19 19:>;>=:0]19.19 19µ0==K5 1915@CBAO 1987 19107K 1940==KE 19?> 198=45:AC.19 19µ;O 19MB>3> 198A?>;L7C5BAO 19A;54CNI0O 19:>=AB@C:F8O:19 19F19o19r19m19719.19D19B19G19r19i19d19119.19F19i19e19l19d19s19[19><5@ 19?>;O]19.19A19s19S19t19r19i19n19g19.19 19

19>@>=56A:89 193>AC40@AB25==K9 19B5E=8G5A:89 19C=825@A8B5B

19

20#µ 20620820120.20320

20

20.20.20 20!28@84>20,20 20.20§.20 20­>=><0@520,20 20.20.20 200;KH52

20

20‑ "'§!/ 20‑µ§, 20 ! ‑/

20$# +% 20µ§"§

20

20­@8 202K@C1:5 20D83C@=KE 2045B0;59 2025AL<0 2070B@C4=8B5;L=>,20 200 202 20=5:>B>@KE 20A;CG0OE 20=52>7<>6=> 20=09B8 20@0F8>=0;L=K9 20A?>A>1 208E 20@0A?>;>65=8O 20 20=0 20?>;>A5 200=0;8B8G5A:8< 20?CB5<.20 20­>MB><C 20G0AB> 20?@8E>48BAO 20?>;L7>20BLAO 203@0D8G5A:8< 20<5B>4><,20 20:>B>@K9 2070:;NG05BAO 202 20A;54CNI5<.20 207 201C<038 208;8 20:0;L:8 202K@570NB 20=5A:>;L:> 20H01;>=>2 202K@C105<>9 20D83C@K.20 200B5<,20 20?@8402 20H01;>=0< 20@07;8G=>5 202708<=>5 20@0A?>;>65=85,20 20>?@545;ONB 20B@51C5<CN 20?;>I04L 20703>B>2:8,20 20A;54O 2070 20B5<,20 20GB>1K 20<564C 20:>=BC@0<8,20 200 20B0:65 20>B 20:@0O 20?>;>AK 20>AB020;0AL 20?5@5<KG:0,20 20A>>B25BAB2CNI0O 2040==>9 20B>;I8=5 20;8AB0.20 20 0A?>;>65=85 20D83C@,20 20?@8 20:>B>@>< 20?>;CG05BAO 20=08<5=LH89 20@0AE>4 20<0B5@80;0 20=0 20>4=> 208745;85,20 208 20>?@545;O5B 20=082K3>4=59HCN 20AE5<C 20@0A:@>O.20

20 07@57:C 20;8AB0 20=0 20?>;>AK 20=C6=> 20?@>872>48BL 20A 20B0:8< 20@0AG5B><,20 20GB>1K 20>B 20=53> 20>AB020;>AL 202>7<>6=> 20<5=LH5 20>BE>4>2.20 20­@8 20MB>< 20A;54C5B 20CG8BK20BL,20 20GB> 20@0A?>;>68BL 20?>;>AC 20=0 20;8AB5 20<>6=> 208 202 20?@>4>;L=>< 208 202 20?>?5@5G=>< 20=0?@02;5=8OE.20 20>?@>A 20> 20F5;5A>>1@07=>< 20@0A:@>5 20;8AB0 20?@8E>48BAO 20@5H0BL 202 20:064>< 20>B45;L=>< 20A;CG05,20 20CG8BK20O 20:0: 20M:>=><8N 20<5B0;;0,20 20B0: 208 20?@>872>48B5;L=>ABL 20B@C40.20 20§A;8 212K@C105<K5 2145B0;8 21?>425@30NBAO 21?@8 21?>A;54CNI59 21>1@01>B:5 21?@>F5AAC 21381:8,21 21B> 21=5>1E>48<> 21AG8B0BLAO 218 21A 21@0A?>;>65=85< 21>A59 21A8<<5B@88 2145B0;59 21>B=>A8B5;L=> 21=0?@02;5=8O 21?@>:0B:8 21;8AB0.21 21:>;8G5AB2> 2145B0;59 21n21_µ,21 21?>;CG05<KE 2187 21>4=>9 21?>;>AK 21?@8 21?>?5@5G=>< 21@0A:@>5,21

2121 21E21M21B21E21D21 21E21q21u21a21t21i21o21n21.21321 21 2121 ₂₁21.21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21(21121)21

21>;8G5AB2> 21?>;>A,21 21?>;CG05<KE 2187 21;8AB0 21n21_­,21

2121 21E21M21B21E21D21 21E21q21u21a21t21i21o21n21.21321 21 2121 ₂₁21,21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21(21221)21 21 21 21 21 21

21345 21A₁₂₁ 218 21m21₁₂₁ 21-21 21>BE>4K 21?@8 21@0A:@>5 21?> 21H8@8=5 218 214;8=5 21;8AB0;21 210 21-21 21H8@8=0 21?5@5<KG:8 21?> 21:@0N,21 21:>B>@0O 21?@8 212K2>40E 21?@8=8<05BAO 21@02=>9 210₁₂₁;21 21 21-21 21H03 21?>40G8 21?@8 212K@C1:5,21 21@02=K9

21D21 21+21 21a21₁₂₁;21 21B21₀₂₁ 21-21 21H8@8=0 21?>;>AK,21 21@02=0O 21D21 21+21 212210;21 21₁₂₁ 21-21 21H8@8=0 21;8AB0 21157 21>BE>40 21c21₁₂₁;21 21L21₁₂₁ 21 214;8=0 21;8AB0 21157 21>BE>40 21m21₁₂₁;21 21B21 218 22L22 22 22?>;=0O 22H8@8=0 228 22?>;=0O 224;8=0 22;8AB0.22

22‑1I55 22:>;8G5AB2> 2245B0;59 22N22_µ,22 22?>;CG05<KE 2287 22;8AB0,22

22

22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 2222 22E22M22B22E22D22 22E22q22u22a22t22i22o22n22.22322 22 2222 ₂₂22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22(22322)22

22>MDD8F85=B 228A?>;L7>20=8O 22<0B5@80;0 22?@8 22?>?5@5G=>< 22@0A:@>5 22;8AB0 22>?@545;8BAO 22?> 22D>@<C;5

2222 22E22M22B22E22D22 22E22q22u22a22t22i22o22n22.22322 22 2222 ₂₂22 22 22(22422)22