Учебное пособие 1795

Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 4 (19), 2017 ISSN 2587-8093

Eine Präposition könne im Chinesischen nicht ohne ihr Komplement stehen. Sei der Nukleus jedoch Komplement einer Präposition, könne die Präposition entfallen und die syntaktische Rolle des Nukleus unausgedrückt bleiben. Im Relativsatz erscheine die Präposition und werde dort von einem den Nukleus vertretenden Personalpronomen gefolgt.

In dem folgenden Beispiel entfalle die Präposition und die syntaktische Rolle des Nukleus bleibe unausgedrückt:

Wǒ lái de dìfáng.

[ich komm NR] Ort

→ Ort, von dem ich komme (Lehmann 1984, 65)

Die syntaktische Rolle des Nukleus könne insbesondere auch dann unausgedrückt blei-

(Lehmann 1984, 66)

Zusammenfassend lasse sich bezüglich des chinesischen Relativsatzes feststellen, dass dieser keine besondere Beziehung zum Substantivsatz aufweise, da er keinerlei Zeichen einer Subordination in sich trage. Er sei nur deshalb als subordiniert aufzufassen, weil er die Stelle eines Nominalsyntagmas im Matrixsatz vertrete.

Zusammenfassung

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wurden einige Besonderheiten der chinesischen Sprache thematisiert. In Anlehnung an Crystal (1995, 23) wurde das Chinesische als eine isolierende Sprache

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charakterisiert und damit sprachtypologisch von flektierenden, agglutinierenden und inkorporierenden (polysynthetischen) Sprachen abgegrenzt. Mit Li/Thompson (1976) wurde das Chinesische als eine Topik-prominente Sprache beschrieben, die syntaktisch durch eine besondere Hervorhebung der Topik-Kommentar-Struktur gekennzeichnet ist.

In Anlehnung an Austin (2008, 14) wurde ein kurzer Überblick über den Aufbau und die dialektale Gliederung des Chinesischen gegeben. Auf der Basis von Schmidt (2009, 570ff.) wurde das Chinesische als eine Sprache beschrieben, die seit der Zeit des archaischen Japanisch und dem Altjapanischen der Nara ( ) Ära chinesisches Sprachmaterial in das Japanische exportiert und lange Zeit prägend, insbesondere für das schriftliche Japanisch war.

Mit Lehmann (1984, 63) wurde abschließend der Blick auf die Satzstruktur des Manda- rin-Chinesischen geworfen. Der Fokus galt dabei der Bildung des Relativsatzes im Chinesischen. Mit Lehmann (ebd.) wurde festgestellt, dass der Nukleus im Chinesischen gewöhnlich nicht im Relativsatz repräsentiert ist. Zudem könne ein Relativsatz auch ohne ein entsprechendes Bezugsnomen gebildet werden. Insgesamt trage der Relativsatz keine Zeichen der Subordination in sich.

References

(References are given in the author's view)

[1]Austin, Peter (Hrsg.): 1000 Sprachen: lebendig, gefährdet, vergangen. Berkeley/Los Angeles 2008 (University of California Press).

[2]Crystal, David: Die Cambridge Enzyklopädie der Sprache. Frankfurt/New York

1995.

[3]Lehmann, Christian: Der Relativsatz: Typologie seiner Strukturen; Theorie seiner Funktionen; Kompendium seiner Grammatik. Tübingen 1984. (Language universals series

Volumne 3).

[4]Li, Charles N.; Thompson, Sandra A.: "Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Language". In Charles N. Li: Subject and Topic. New York 1976, 457–489.

[5]Schmidt, Christopher K.: Loanwords in Japanese. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri: Loanwords in the World’s Languages. A Comparative Handbook. Berlin 2009: Walter de Gruyter, 570-574.

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UDC 802.0-3 : 378.022

PECULIARITIES OF FUNCTIONING OF COLLOCATIONS WITH ANTHROPONYMIC COMPONENT IN MEDIADISCOURSE

I.V. Guyduk

___________________________________________________________________________

Voronezh State Technical University, Voronezh, Russia Irina Victorovna Guyduk

Ph.D. in Linguistics, Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages of the Build- ing-and-Technology Faculty

e-mail: e-mail: irene.123@mail.ru

___________________________________________________________________________

Statement of the problem. The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the functioning of collocations with a precedent name as an anthroponymic component in media texts. The article analyzes the structure and typology of evaluation of collocations with the anthroponymic component.Results. The main structural models of collocations with a precedent name as an anthroponymic component are described. A classification of the evaluation of these collocations with an anthroponymic component has been developed, and it has been analyzed by which linguistic and non-linguistic means different types of evaluation are created.Conclusion. Analyzing the modality and pragmatic potential of collocations with a precedent name as an anthroponymic component, we have revealed a typology of the evaluative anthroponymic component in their composition. So, the anthroponymic component included in the composition of a collocation can have a neutral modality or it can have the following types of evaluation: an explicit meliorative evaluation, an explicit derogative evaluation, an implicit meliorative evaluation, or an implicit derogative evaluation. In addition, pragmatic specificities of fixed collocations in the mediadiscourse have been described and analyzed in the article.

Key words: media discourse, media text, intertextuality, precedent name, anthroponimic derivative, collocation with anthroponymic component, neutral modality, implicit evaluation, explicit evaluation, implicit meliorative evaluation, derogative evaluation.

For citation: Guyduk I.V. Peculiarities of functioning of collocations with anthroponymic component in mediadiscourse / I.V. Guyduk // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2017. – № 4 (19). – P. 116 - 129.

Introduction.

The media discourse is a powerful means of influencing the readership, which, in turn, is inherently associated with the assessment. One of the favorite means of expressing appreciation for the authors of media texts are precedent anthroponyms or precedent names. A precedent name is multifunctional. One of the main functions of a precedent name is to give an implicit evaluation of an object or phenomenon, to convey a certain emotional-and-evaluative perception, which helps to avoid direct comparison. In addition, the use of precedent names makes it possible to save language resources, since in the characterization the ready stereotypes of readers regarding a given name are actualized.

Precedent phenomena are used in newspaper-and-magazine discourse not only as successful speech formulae, but also for creating a vertical context through the actualization of the memory of a particular linguistic-and-cultural society [1, p.21-22]. Of course, the boundaries of the range of socially significant names are difficult to determine, as for each period of historical development there are names, some of which lose their “embodiment” for future generations. Nevertheless, it seems possible to talk about the anthroponymic core of the embodied names that have firmly taken their place in the culture of a society.

__________________

© Guyduk I.V., 2017

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In this article, we will be interested in precedent names in the composition of anthroponymic collocations, which is an unexplored area of linguistics. We will analyze their structure, functions in context, modality and pragmatic potential.

Methodology of research. Collocations with a precedent name as the anthroponymic component in media texts constitute the object of research. The subject of research is to identify their structure, functions, to reveal their potential for performing the evaluative function. The purpose of this study is to identify and examine the specific features of the functioning of collocations with the anthroponymic component in media texts, their structure, the typology of the evaluation of the anthroponymic component included in their composition, and the linguistic and non-linguistic means of creating their evaluation in a contextual environment. The collocations with the anthroponymic component from Russian periodicals were used as the material of this research, the American electronic resource was also used. The main methods of this research are the method of description, the method of observation and the method of semantic- and-qualitative analysis.

Results of research.

From the point of view of the structure of collocations with the anthroponymic component, they are not homogeneous. The analysis of the examples showed that they can be built according to two different models in the Russian language:

an adjective + a noun (the anthroponymic component acts as an adjective);

a noun in the nominative case + a noun in the genitive case (the anthroponymic

component is represented by a noun in the genitive case).

The use of precedent anthroponyms is a manifestation of intertextuality [2, p. 66], and such examples of evaluation using the embodied anthroponym or the embodied name as one of the components of the collocation in the Russian press are numerous, especially in the political and economic spheres. The first place in the “supply” of names for anthroponymic phrases belongs to the political sphere. Researchers note that in the modern Russian media, the precedent names of a significant number of top leaders of our state are actively used, regardless of how the corresponding leader was officially called, the Emperor, the President or the Secretary General. Many of these leaders played an important role in the development of the Russian state and even of the entire world civilization. Relevant precedent names often become a kind of special marks, according to which the activities, political and personal qualities of our contemporaries are evaluated [3, p. 13].

Background knowledge of any proper name includes the following information: the conditions for the existence of a proper name in a society, cultural-and-historical associations connected with the given name, the degree of fame of the object and its name. Thus, the anthroponym (like any proper name) contains a lot of components: historical, linguistic, linguistic-and- psychological, pragmatic, etc. [4, p. 22]. Our opinion is that either one of these components can be actualized in a context or that a certain variable set of the above components specific only to this context can be actualized. It is “... due to background connotations, a proper name is included in the linguistic consciousness of communicants in the semantic-and-associative field of this or that concept” [5, p. 63]. Thus, the connection of the precedent name with the concept is revealed.

K.I. Kropacheva in her article “The anthropocentric approach to the study of the anthroponymic field of the English language” notes that allusive anthroponyms are characterized by pronounced evaluation, which is based on associative links [4]. T.A. Nenasheva distinguishes three types of assessment: 1) the intellectually logical included in the denotative component of the meaning; 2) the emotional included in the connotative aspect of the meaning, 3) the emotionally intelligent, encompassing both aspects of meaning [5, p. 103]. T.A. Nenasheva, having investigated in her monograph the question of the content of the notion of connotation as applied to the anthroponym, concluded that “... most of the anthroponyms’ connotations are formed as a result of the complex impact of various cultural-and-historical and social factors

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and have a relatively stable nature, although the specific conditions of functioning certainly expand and detail their connotative meaning” [5, p. 47].

Realizing the fact that evaluation is a nonlinear concept, let’s try to understand its internal structure when it comes to precedent names. So, the evaluation can be meliorative and derogative, implicit and explicit, emotional and rational [6; 7]. In connection with the above, regarding the heterogeneity of the notion of the evaluation collocations with the anthroponymic component can be singled out in the following groups: explicit meliorative evaluation, explicit derogative evaluation, implicit meliorative evaluation, implicit derogative evaluation. Let us find out by what linguistic and non-linguistic means these types of evaluation are created.

1 . I m p l i c i t d e r o g a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n .

Personal names with individual-and-event-related connotations are more often used nonreferentially than personal names without additional connotations [8, p.229].

At the basis of the use of anthroponyms, there is a tendency towards simplification, i.e.

“...emphasizing the main characteristics of any politician, making his image recognizable” [2, p.66]. “The names of political figures of our time are characterized by the political concentration and polarity of emotional-and-evaluative connotations,” as it is noted by T.A. Nenasheva [5, p. 58].

1.1. Thus, the surname of a political leader can be subjected to a derivation process: G o r b a c h e v → the nickname derived from a surname G o r b y → a collocation with an anthroponymic component the “G o r b y ’ s e r a ”. The evaluation is not expressed explicitly here, but in the context there is a mention of Gorbachev as an “unsuccessful reformer”, which indirectly indicates the derogation of the entire collocation with the anthroponymic component the “Gorby’s era”. Thus, the linguistic means that create the implicit derogative evaluation of the collocation with the anthroponymic component the “G o r b y ’ s e r a ” are the following: the shortened form of the nickname “G o r b y ” and the presence of the phrase “u n s u c c e s s f u l r e f o r m e r ” in the context.

The tragedy of Gorbachev as an u n s u c c e s s f u l r e f o r m e r has deeper roots: during 70 years of Soviet power, all the vessels of the political system of the USSR were clogged with political thrombi. And it was necessary to change not only the harsh nomenclature, as Gorbachev tried to do, but the political system itself. But that's exactly what Gorby, who grew up in the system of Lenin's ideological coordinates, did not dare to do.

Bourgeois Europe remained ideologically alien to Moscow. Over the ocean, too, welcomed the “G o r b y ’ s e r a ”. And also mostly verbally. The US reacted extremely painfully to the presence of Soviet troops in Afghanistan and did everything possible to punish the USSR [1*, p.8].

1.2. Proper names are a very receptive layer of the language, quickly reacting to cultural and historical events [9, p. 33]. A certain leader is remembered in history thanks to his most striking reforms, for example, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was remembered all over the world by the anti-alcohol campaign he conducted with great enthusiasm and perseverance, although later, it acquired the features of a buffoonery, and now his surname is replicated in connection with similar reforms in other countries:

In China appeared its a n a l o g u e o f G o r b a c h e v ’ s a n t i - a l c o h o l c a m - p a i g n : comrade Xi Jinping forbade millions of budget workers to dine with business partners in numerous restaurants [2*, p.1-2].

In the collocation with the anthroponymic component “a n a l o g u e o f G o r b a - c h e v ’ s a n t i - a l c o h o l c a m p a i g n ”, a d e r o g a t i v e i m p l i c i t e s t i m a t i o n is revealed. The assessment is created in this context by non-linguistic means, namely, by updating

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the background knowledge of the readers: we all know perfectly well about the disastrous results Gorbachev’s anti-alcohol campaign in the USSR, and the author emphasizes that our Chinese comrades, having adopted the experience of this reform, take the wrong direction. We would like to emphasize that in this case a substantial economy of linguistic resources is achieved.

1.3. A notorious politician Mikheil S a a k a s h v i l i → the collocation “S a a k a s h i s t reality” is formed from his surname and rhymes with “f a s c i s t reality”, this fact simply does not cause any doubts among the readers. And then this guess about the meaning of the above collocation, caused by similarity in analogy and similarity in sound, and also due to the emerging rhyme (S a a k a s h i s t reality – f a s c i s t reality), receives an unequivocal confirmation in a newspaper article and linguistic support from another collocation “c a v e , p r o v i n c i a l f a s c i s m ”, i.e. a method of putting a collocation with a similar semantics into the context takes place.

1.4. In the analyzed context, there is one more collocation with the anthroponymic component “S a a k a s h v i l i ’s Georgia”, i.e. “Georgia under the Saakashvili’s regime”, and here also implicitly, with the support of the previous context, a negative evaluation component is revealed, but it is much weaker in the intensity than the previous one.

1.5. Eduard S h e v a r d n a d z e → the evaluative component in the collocation “S h e - v a r d n a d z e ’s Georgia” (i.e. Georgia under the leadership of Eduard Shevardnadze) is weakly expressed. The only thing that can be extracted from the background knowledge is a reference to the Soviet period with its typical methods of government. It is possible to classify this example as a case of a weakly expressed implicit derogative evaluation, which is created by the opening of the “background tail” of the anthroponymic component of the content. Here a nonlinguistic way of actualization of the anthroponym’s evaluative component takes place. Two collocations with different anthroponymic components in a sequence joined by the conjunction

“or” can be considered as additional ways of creating a descriptive evaluation of this context, in this situation it reminds of a famous proverb (“Between two evils ...”).

So far, 40% of the members of the Georgian parliament are people who have created S a a k a s h i s t r e a l i t y . Such cave, provincial fascism.

It is Russia that is the factor of stability in the Caucasus as a whole, and in Georgia in particular. Why? The confidence of Abkhazians and Ossetians towards the Russian people is not discussed. And when S h e v a r n a d z e ’s or S a a k a s h v i l i ’s Georgia told them that it was going to bring Western mediators, peacekeepers, it was the end, goodbye! Abkhazians and Ossetians said: “We will only talk through Russia” [3*, p.8].

1.6. Leonid B r e z h n e v (the leader of the USSR in the so-called “era of stagnation”) → the USSR of the B r e z h n e v ’s period.

From the context it is clear that the collocation with the anthroponomical component the

“U S S R o f t h e B r e z h n e v ’ s p e r i o d ” contains negative connotations of the stagnation and the inevitability of the collapse, the negative characteristics of which are transferred in the further context to the European Union:

The European Union is taught a good lesson. In fact, this interstate formation, initially

lutely obvious for the average Russian citizen were delegated to the EU [4*, p.12].

As we know, the emotional-and-evaluative aspect is a specific part of the pragmatic potential of anthroponyms [10, p. 149]. This example, of course, is of interest from this point of

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side the context, then we could say that it contains as a flower in the bud the possibility of both meliorative and derogative evaluation. But the existing context cuts off the possibility of meliorative evaluation and actualizes derogative evaluation: “The connotations o f t h e s t a g n a - t i o n a n d t h e i n e v i t a b i l i t y o f t h e c o l l a p s e quite obvious for the ordinary Russian citizen were delegated to the EU”.

1.7. S.I. Garagulya in his article on the problem of the anthroponymic identity of individuals notes the following: “The name connects us with our cultural and historical heritage and makes us unique in it” [11, p. 50]. Divisive figures in the economy of Russia during the period of perestroika Egor G a i d a r and Anatoly C h u b a i s → the collocation with the anthroponomical component G a i d a r - a n d - C h u b a i s l i b e r a l i s m (in the text there is a comparison of reforms carried out by these figures with those innovations proposed by today’s reformers, and they are named as “destroying”, which, undoubtedly, indicates the presence of a negative connotation in this collocation and accordingly serves as a marker for the manifestation of an implicit derogative evaluation in a given collocation).

The demographic decline is caused more by the efforts of the liberals of the government team (I call it the second coming of t h e G a i d a r - a n d - C h u b a i s l i b e r a l i s m , only now “under the leadership” of Shuvalov) and their reforms, which are simply destroying, you cannot call them otherwise [5*, p.11].

1.8. A referentially unambiguous name with a derogative implicit evaluation (Elvira) N a b i u l l i n a → N a b i u l l i n ’s growth of the economy (or negative growth of the economy), gives a negative connotation to the collocation and can be illustrated by the following example:

But the nabiullins, the kostins and the yakunins do not get themselves blacklisted for obscure reasons. They live by themselves and do not know sorrow, looking at the president with the flattering and devoted eyes. So the governors will have to answer for the staff. Even during the negative ( n a b i u l l i n ’ s ) “ g r o w t h o f t h e e c o n o m y ” , the powerful party should not receive less than half the seats [6*, p.1-2].

1.9. The US Secretary of State George M a r s h a l l (he worked out a plan to help Europe after the Second World War in 1947, which eventually turned out to be a huge economic loss for our country) → M a r s h a l l plan (the Western scenario of the economic development which originally had the character of “subversive activity” in it):

S. Guriev advises the West to promise to help us “in the spirit of t h e M a r s h a l l p l a n ”. This involves investing more in economic recovery, in public administration reforms, education and health reforms, and investing in the Russian infrastructure. At first glance, the plan is excellent. The problem is that we have already seen all this in Moscow before the collapse of the USSR. As a result, the country cannot pay off for that “help” until now [7*, p.7].

1.10. The Italian Foreign Minister Federica M o g h e r i n i → M o g h e r i n i plan (a number of ultimatum measures for Russia, mostly of a political nature, aimed at destabilizing the situation in the country):

The American press began to discuss the “M o g h e r i n i p l a n ”, which is not openly proclaimed. Its authorship belongs to the EU Foreign Minister, former head of the Italian Foreign Ministry Federica Mogerini. The central point of the plan is a repeated referen-

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4.1. The early achiever of Socialist labor of the 30s of the last century S t a k h a n o v , whose surname formed the basis of the collocation with a purely positive connotation, “S t a - k h a n o v ’ s l a b o u r ”, which was transformed into an adjective:

But what was appropriate in the circumstances of 1935, when the Stakhanov’s movement arose, was not suitable for the year of 1940. No, no one abolished the idea of the best labour practices. Moreover, it was implied that S t a k h a n o v ’ s l a b o u r was still a pledge of honor, achievement of the essentials of life [13*, p.15].

5 . C o l l o c a t i o n s w i t h t h e a n t h r o p o n y m i c c o m p o n e n t , w h i c h a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a n e u t r a l m o d a l i t y .

Phrases with the anthroponymic component, representing a certain concept and related to the economic or scientific spheres, have a neutral modality, but it is very important for us to reveal the content of the concept they represent. Anthroponymic phrases in which the surname of a certain scientist is actualized do not have connotations, either positive or negative, we can say that they have a neutral modality, the anthroponymic component of such phrases indicates the scientist who discovered a particular scientific phenomenon, law, etc.

5.1. Economist Ginny → “G i n i i n d e x ” (i.e. “equity index” in the distribution of income within different population groups):

Economy: “G i n i i n d e x ” or “e q u i t y i n d e x ” in the distribution of income within different population groups (for Russia - 0.426 in 2014), where for 0 absolute equality is assumed, and for 1 absolute inequality is assumed [7*, p.3].

5.2. English astronomer M a u n d e r → “M a u n d e r Minimum”:

Now history repeats itself. The situation is aggravated by another “M a u n d e r Minimum”.

English astronomer. Studying the archival data, he found that in 1645-1715 the number of sunsets on the sun had sharply decreased. Only fifty instead of the usual tens of thousands. This minimum, named in his honor, surprisingly coincided with the coldest phase of the so-called small ice age of the XIV-XIX centuries.

Now the Sun again sharply reduces its activity. The reasons are not quite clear, but it's a fact. There comes another Maunder. And not a small one is coming, but a real glacial period is expected [14*, p.7].

5.3. The founder of molecular biology, Nobel laureate James W a t s o n → “W a t s o n ’ s t r a p ” (James Watson pointed out that human races differ in their cognitive abilities: among the African race these abilities are less developed, and as for the Asians-and-Mongoloids the cognitive abilities are developed to the greatest extent). Not knowing in advance what the essence of the law discovered by Watson is, it is rather difficult to understand the meaning of this phrase with the anthroponymic component. Therefore, this collocation has its own cognitive meaning, which is derived from the anthroponymic component.

Neuroscientists from New York and Los Angeles scanned the brains of more than a thousand children and adolescents and compared the data with the incomes of their families.

In order not to fall into the “W a t s o n ’ s t r a p ” with the races, in fact, everyone remembers that the brains of the whites and the blacks are not exactly the same, and in the

United States, the “rich” are most often the “whites”, statistical samples with different incomes of families were homogenized on the basis of race. And the result was received:

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the surface of the cerebral cortex of children from families with incomes below $ 25,000 per year is 6% less than of wealthy children whose parents earn more than $ 150,000. The result was also confirmed in cognitive memory tests. That is, this time the egalitarians will not get out: poor children have less developed brains and their cognitive abilities are worse than those of rich children. Full stop. [15*].

5.4. Scientist-seismologist R i c h t e r → R i c h t e r scale (which determines the strength of earthquakes):

In parallel, there are fracture zones of San Gabriel and San Jacinto. This is the area of geophysical instability that generates earthquakes with magnitude up to 8.5 on the R i c h t e r s c a l e [16*, p.2].

5.5. A tennis player Stanislas W a w r i n k a (a tennis player; world No. 9 singles ranking)

→ the “L a w o f W a w r i n k a ” (the secret law of the press about non-interference in the personal life of sportsmen, the meaning of this phrase is also derived from its anthroponymic component):

If the “l a w o f W a w r i n k a ” is adopted, and every year marasmus in professional tennis is only growing stronger, then very soon the reporters will be allowed to write only about the dynamics of the score in the matches [8*, p.25].

Typology of evaluation of word combinations with the anthroponymic component:

1.Implicit derogative evaluation (Gorby’s era, analogue of Gorbachev’s anti-alcohol campaign, Shevardnadze’s Georgia, Saakashist reality, Saakashvili’s Georgia, the USSR of the Brezhnev’s period, Gaidar-and-Chubais liberalism, nabiullin’s growth, Marshall plan, Mogherini plan [total number of word combinations: 10] ).

2.Neutral modality: Law of Wawrinka, Richter scale, Maunder Minimum, Gini index,

Watson’s trap [total number of word combinations: 5]).

3.Explicit derogative evaluation: pro-Putin huckster, Obama’s sanctions [total number of word combinations: 2]).

4.Implicit meliorative evaluation: Primakov’s trick, Kemalist Turkey [total number of word combinations: 2]).

5.Explicit meliorative evaluation: Stakhanov’s labour [total number of word combinations: 1]).

Diagram. Collocations with the anthroponymic component. Typology of evaluation.

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