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list of actions to perform on anger and revealing the nature of anger as the object of its activity. This demonstrates the idea that in the philosophical discourse much attention is paid to the problem of ontology of anger (its origin) as well as the character of its interrelation with man (control of anger). It is necessary to point out that the most part (60 %) of all the manipulations on anger are determined to lower its intensity, to restrict its influence, while the activity, provoking anger, is nominated in less number of examples (40%). This fact shows that anger in the philosophical view of F. Bacon is phenomenon the nature of which is to be investigated and analyzed. This will contribute to its control, as, according to the results of cognitive analysis, anger is emotion that must be restricted and repressed.

As the revealed features demonstrate, the nature of anger in the philosophical picture of the world of F. Bacon is controversial and characterized mutually by exclusive components. On the one hand, anger reveals its extreme character (latent anger – uncontrolled anger), on the other hand, anger is an emotion that is obligatory for man`s nature (inbred anger).

The concept “anger” in the philosophical discourse is the emotional state of medium expressiveness, unspecific in its periodic character and duration.

In the result of the conducted research it was found out that the concept “anger” has complex cognitive structure, determined by three basic principles: cause-and-effect environment of anger, subject-object determiners of anger and its qualitative characteristics. Each of the following principles determines the certain type and structure of anger.

The most extensive cognitive area of the concept “anger” represents its qualitative characteristics, revealing anger as the object of man`s manipulation, Its degree of impact, intensity and character is controlled by man.

Partial coincidence of causators and objects of anger, that are socially marked phenomena, is specific feature of the concept “anger” in the philosophical discourse. The objects of anger are generalized images of men, that demonstrates sociocentricity of anger.

Anger is also demonstrated as phenomenon of moral-and-ethical character of different intensity and frequency. These characteristics of anger mostly depend on morality and spiritual power of man. Thus, anger is inversely proportional to the power of love and spirit.

Cognitive structure of the concept “anger” in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon contains the following set of features: instability, latent character, spontaneity, sociocentricity, ambivalence. The most specific features of the concept “anger” are ambivalence and sociocentricity, that demonstrates anger as social phenomena. Anger isn`t characterized by negative features only, but is originated as compelled protection of man`s social status, support of moral stability and self-esteem.

The most relevant for the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is description of ontology of anger, as well as its qualities that can be altered. Anger is analyzed from the position of its object, that is mostly aimed at its suppression and restriction.

Specific for the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is representation of anger as a living being, possessing authoritarian qualities. Thus, anger reigns, that demonstrates not only its sociocentricity, but also its global character and its large scale for the emotional world of man.

The specific of the cognitive structure of the concept “anger” in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is its ability to correlate not only with negative phenomena: hurt, contempt, baseness, passions, envy, fear, but also with negative one: love, that demonstrates its ambivalence.

Anger for F. Bacon is associated with building object – ruined house (ruin). This metaphorical projection represents anger in the philosophical discourse as formerly global, complex, powerful essence, that is now deprived of its former might and importance and contains the features of decline, destruction, lack of power.

In conclusion it is necessary to point out that the nature of anger in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon was scrupulously analyzed. It is of prime importance that the logical emphasis of the author is addressed, most often, to the reduction of anger, rather than to its escala-

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tion, that demonstrates humanitarian aspect of linguistic personality of F. Bacon. It is specific for the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon that anger is regarded as the object of impact and manipulation, that represents the personality of F. Bacon as empiricist, his desire to manifest the great power of man, his might and dominant position not only over powers of nature, but also over his own passions and feelings.

Bibliographic list

1.Psihicheskie sostojanija kak obshhepsihologicheskaja problema: Hrestomatija // Sost. I. V. Gerasimova. – Vladivostok: DVGMA, 2001. – 104 s., s.10.

2.Lewica M. On subjective and objective anchoring of cognitive acts: how behavioral va-lence modifies reasoning schemata//Recent trends in theoretical psychology/Eds W. Baker, L. Mos, H.V. Rappard, Stam H.J. New York: Spinger Verlag, 1988. P. 285-301

3.R.J. Davidson, W. Irwin, The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style, Trends Cogn. Sci. 3 (1999) 11 –21.

4.Fomina Z.Ye. Jemocional'no-ocenochnaja leksika v russkom i nemeckom jazykah. V sbornike: Ocherki po russko-nemeckoj kontrastivnoj lingvistike : leksika, sintak-sis Voronezh, 1995. S. 4-28.

5.Fomina Z. E. Nemeckaja jemocional'naja kartina mira i leksicheskie sredstva ee verbalizacii / Z. E. Fomina. – Voronezh : Voronezh. gos. un-t, 2006. – 336 s.

6.Zagorovskaja O.V., Fomina Z.Ye. Jekspressivnye i jemocional'no-ocenochnye komponenty znachenija slova. V sbornike: Semanticheskie processy v sisteme jazy-ka mezhvuzovskij sbornik nauchnyh trudov. Voronezhskij gosudarstvennyj universitet. Voronezh, 1984. - S. 31-40.

7.Fomina Z.Ye. Kul'turno-gastronomicheskie smysly v evropejskom i russkom jazykovom soznanii kak «mir v miniatjure»

Nauchnyj vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo arhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. Serija: Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i metodiko-didakticheskie issledovanija. 2009. № 11. S. 11-24.

8. V.O. Leont'ev, Desjat' nereshennyh problem teorii soznanija i jemocij, URL: http://polatulet.narod.ru/dvc/com/vleontiev_problems.html (vremja obrashhenija - 4.12.16).

9.Dodonov B. I. V mire jemocij. — M.: Politizdat, 1987. — 140 s.

10.Izard I. "Jemocii cheloveka" M., 1980. S. 52-71b, URL: http://www.psyworld.ru/for- students/abstracts/psychology/414-2008-09-10-18-59-37.pdf (vremja obrashhenija - 4.12.16).

11.Krotkov E.A. Specifika filosofskogo diskursa : logiko-jepistemicheskie zamet-ki / E. A. Korotkov // Obshhestvennye nauki i sovremennost'. – 2002. – № 1. – S. 128–135.

12.Subbotin A.L. F. Bjekon / A. L. Subbotin. – Moskva : Mysl', 1974. – 175 s.

13.Libih Ju. F. Bjekon Verulamskij i metod estestvoznanija / Ju. F. Libih. – Peter-burg : Tip. Kukol-Jasnopol'skogo, 1866. – VI -72 s.

14.M.V. Karev, F. Bjekon, politicheskaja biografija, Novaja i novejshaja istorija, 1980,

№3-4.

15.Basin E.Ja. Iskusstvo i kommunikacija. M.: MONF, 1999.

16.Lavrinenko I. Ju. Jemocional'nye koncepty v filosofskoj kartine mira F. Bjekona : (na materiale povesti F. Bjekona «Novaja Atlantida»).Nauchnyj Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo arhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. Ser. Sovremennye lingvisticheskie i meto- diko-didakticheskie issledovanija. – 2010. – № 2 (14). – S. 92–101.

17.Lavrinenko, I. Ju. Specifika verbalizacii konceptov razuma i chuvstva v filo-sofskom diskurse F. Bjekona [tekst]: dissertacija na soiskanie uchenoj stepeni kandidata filologicheskih nauk: 10.02.04 : zashhishhena 25.06.14: utv. 01.02.15 / Lavrinenko Irina Jur'evna. – Voronezh, 2014. – 311s.

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Analyzed sources

1*. Bacon F. The Essays and Counsels Civil and Moral / F. Bacon. – London : J.-M. Dent & Sons, 1916. – 199 p.

2*. Opyty - Bjekon F. Opyty, ili nastavlenija nravstvennye i politicheskie / F. Bjekon // Sochinenija : v 2 t. / F. Bjekon. – Moskva, 1972. – T. 1. – S. 481

Dictionaries used

1**. Anglo-russkij sinonimicheskij slovar' = English-Russian dictionary of synonyms / Ju. D. Apresjan [i dr.] ; pod ruk. A. I. Rozenmana, Ju. D. Apresjana. – Moskva : Rus. jaz., 1999. – 544 s.

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UDC 802.0-3 : 378.022

Voronezh State Technical University Ph.D. in Philology,

Associate Professor of

Foreign Languages Department,

Building-and-Technology Institute Irina Victorovna Guyduk

e-mail: irene.123@mail.ru

I.V. Guyduk

SPECIFICS OF CONNOTATIVE FUNCTIONING OF

PRECEDENT NAMES IN MEDIA DISCOURSE

This article discusses the specifics of connotative functioning of precedent names in media texts. For media discourse is characterized by intertextuality, one of the options of manifestation of which is the use of precedent names. Connotative functioning of precedent names is associated with the information strategy of the Russian media when the authors of the materials reinforce the reader the right to “read” the meaning and draw conclusions. In this article the classification of precedent names with terminological value is suggested: a precedent name from a precedent text acting as a symbol of a particular precedent situation; a precedent name of a historical figure acting as a symbol of a certain precedent situation; a precedent name from a precedent text used as an appeal to the typed character; a precedent name as a combined characteristic (acting as a symbol of a precedent situation and as an appeal to the typed character at the same time); an appeal to an invariant of perception of a precedent name. Due to differences in the cognitive nature of a metaphor and a precedent name, they cannot be equated.

Keywords: media text, culturema, precedent phenomenon, precedent name, cogni tive base, national precedent name, universal precedent name, invariant of perception of a precedent name.

Important to the media focus on the expressiveness of images and availability of presentation initiates a search of the appropriate language tools for making the most concise, bright, fast and emotional impact on the reader [1; 2]. Therefore, intertextuality is particularly characteristic of publicism, one of the options manifestations of which is the use of precedent phenomena [1, p. 222]. The problem of intertextuality is increasingly attracting the attention of linguists. According to Professor L.I. Grishayeva: “... a phenomenological property of the language as a cultural code requires special attention to such means of activating intertextual relations as precedent phenomena in their various forms” [2].

Media texts are appealing to precedent names (further abbreviated as PNs) with a high level of precedent meaning to create a vivid and memorable image, both universal precedent names (known to the average modern homo sapiens and entering into a universal cognitive space) and national precedent names (known to any average representative of a national-and- cultural community). All precedent names (PNs) in the media texts refer to kulturemas [3].

PNs are divided into those that function denotatively (extensionally), pointing directly to the denotation, and those that function connotatively (intensionally), i.e. used to describe the characteristic of an object [1, p. 223].

___________________

© Guyduk I.V., 2016

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Connotative functioning of PNs in media texts is of special interest to us. In this article we will consider features of connotative functioning of PNs in the Russian press (sources Arguments of the Week (2016), Komsomolskaya Pravda (2016), A&F (2016), Moe! (2016)) in the following areas: policy, economics, science, art and culture, sport. The purpose of this article is to analyze the specifics of connotative (intensional) functioning of PNs in the texts of the Russian mass media.

The study was conducted with the use of semantic, cognitive and contextual analysis. National differences in the use of PNs are manifested in the predominance of their deno-

tative usage in the US media, while connotative usage is more common to the Russian media. Due to this fact we are analyzing the connotative usage of PNs in the materials of the Russian press.

How can we explain the national differences in the usage of PNs in the media? First of all, they can be explained by different information strategies of the media of the two countries. In the US, the focus is on providing the reader with the best possible information so that he could make the correct conclusion. The Russian media journalists prefer to leave guessing to the reader, thus “allowing him to “open” and to “assign” the meaning, since only in this case, the point of view expressed by the author will be accepted by the reader as his own” [1, p. 229].

In fact, PNs “don’t have a fixed sustainable figurative meaning that allows its actual sense to vary in a fairly wide range” [4, p. 75] and contributes to appearing of multifunctional

PNs.

Let’s refer to the analysis of PNs with a terminological meaning, functioning connotatively and representing different groups, according to their sources and symbolism.

◊ PN with a terminological meaning, rising to a precedent text (PT) and acting as a symbol of a particular precedent situation (PS).

PN in this group acts as a symbol of a particular precedent situation (PS) and is associated with a particular precedent text (PT); there is an appeal to a precedent situation, not to a particular character respectively, and the name as a symbol is associated with an invariant of perception stored in the cognitive base: “The examples of such names are Romeo and Juliet, Othello and Desdemona and other names. Judas may serve as an example of a universally precedent phenomenon, i.e., it is known to any ordinary modern homo sapiens, regardless of belonging to a particular linguistic-and-cultural community and acts as a symbol of the precedent situation of betrayal” [5, p. 93].

O.S. Boyarskikh believes that: “From the standpoint of the semantic relatedness with the text-source, all fictional literary precedent names are semantically related, because of their use in a discourse is based on the actualization of the connotations fixed in the minds of native speakers formed by the work of fiction (or several works of fiction). A fictional name’s link with the source may be impaired, an idea of its bearer may be reduced, but still such a name is used in accordance with its prototextual connotations or part of them (Don Giovanni, Anna

Karenina, uncle Styopa)” [6, p. 90].

Here are some examples of the described above usage of PNs in media contexts. Why contexts are significant in terms of the content? The process of interpreting the content by the reader is determined by the context. Discursive approach to the study of the text involves consideration of its context which is a kind of actualizer of the content, as in the context meanings are acquiring sense for a reader [7].

Precedent names of fairy-tale characters (Cinderella, Alice the fox, Basilio the cat, Pinocchio) prevail in this group, the names of characters of myths and legends are also found (Hercules and Robin Hood). There’s only one literary PN Jean Valjean of Victor Hugo’s novel “Les Misérables”. This is connected, in our opinion, with the orientation of journalists to a mass audience: it’s hard to find those readers who are not familiar with fairy-tale characters, or who do

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not know the names of Hercules or Robin Hood (they are promoted by animation and cinema). But the situation with the heroes of classical works is different: fewer people (especially among youth) are interested in classical works of world literature, so the precedent names from literature are rare.

It should be noted that PN CINDERELLA is incredibly multifunctional, and in this regard,

“... the authors of media texts deliberately change the frame elements to achieve the communicative tasks” [8, p. 104]. In the example below the sense actualized in PN Cinderella, rising to the text of a fairy-tale is the following: “The poor girl, who lives happily due to her successful marriage”, i.e., there is an appeal to the situation of a successful marriage, all other qualities of a fairy-tale character (honesty, sincerity, kindness, unselfishness and such like) are not taken into account and remain outside the implied meaning. PN Cinderella is actualized in the media text as a symbol of a situation of a successful marriage.

The actress, who demanded 10 million pounds at a divorce, tells what it is like to be a

“ R u s s i a n C i n d e r e l l a ” abroad.

“You remain a hostage of your ex-husband and sit in the foreign country, deprived of the support of relatives and close friends. O u r C i n d e r e l l a s should know this when they dream to marry a foreign prince” [1*, p. 5].

In the following cited fragment from press, PNs of characters from a children’s fairy-tale

“Pinocchio” appear, adventurers Alice the fox (representatives of the US media) and Basilio the cat (representatives of the American military-and-industrial complex), as well as trustful and unsophisticated Pinocchio (US senators). Like fairy-tale characters, trying to persuade naive Pinocchio and pull out money, representatives of the American military-and-industrial complex and journalists are trying to intimidate and pull as much money as possible out of the representatives of the US Senate. The situation of manipulation with trust, which was brilliantly implemented by these fairy-tale characters, is becoming referential.

A fashionable theme of “deterrence of the Russian aggression” is raised by B a s i l i o t h e c a t of the American military-and-industrial complex and A l i c e t h e f o x from the press to pull more money out of t r u s t f u l P i n o c c h i o in the Senate. Sort of, grab bags, gentlemen senators, the last car departs and Russian go, it’s high time to dig in more gold in the electromagnetic “field of miracles” [2*, p. 10].

PN Hercules in combination with the adjective Russian actualizes the following invariant of perception “the Russian reformist hero who has all the makings and opportunities to restore order in the country (“Augean stables”) in the situation of extreme neglect”. The implication of the ingenuous faith of the national consciousness in the coming of a rescuer is expressed here, thus PN the Russian Hercules is a symbol of the situation of relief, though mythical (we are hopeful, but we do not believe in being rescued very much, thereby our hero is of the Greek myth that can be perceived as a kind of ironic overtones).

After all, the basis of our literature is fabulous. Folklore, legends, the thirst for paradise.

The concept of the hero is mythological, it is Hercules. People’s consciousness is waiting for t h e R u s s i a n H e r c u l e s , who will purify our Augean stables [3*, p. 3].

The name of the noble and restoring outraged justice King of Thieves Robin Hood of the English legends is extremely popular among the Russian media authors. In the material cited below PN Robin Hood is mentioned to build up the parallel between the hero of the English ballads and Danila Bagrov, a character from the movie “Brother”.

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Poverty and raging banditry occurred in the country. People needed a R o b i n H o o d , an avenger, a restorer of justice, and he appeared, “brother” Danila Bagrov [3*, p. 3].

PN of the hero of Victor Hugo’s novel “Les Misérables” Jean Valjean is embodied as symbolizing certain unfavorable life situation: the “unneeded” people doomed to a miserable life and suffering, and this meaning is repeatedly reinforced by using a plural form implying

“their name is legion”.

Handing this award of honor (the gold medal of Leo Tolstoy International Association of

Children's Funds) the head of the Children’s Fund Albert Anatolyevich Likhanov said: “In these days, remembering my favorite French novel “Les Misérables” by the great writer Victor Hugo, I cannot get rid of the analogy that is evoked in my heart by our today laureate. It is natural, because of the obvious internal link between Bishop Míriel who changed the life of J e a n V a l j e a n in the XIX century and Xavier Emanuele who changed the lives of thousands of “ j e a n s v a l j e a n s ” in the XX and XXI centuries”

[4*, p. 6].

◊ PN of a historical figure with a terminological meaning, not rising to any precedent text (PT) and acting as a symbol of a particular precedent situation (PS)

All PNs have the following features: “... reproducibility, an appeal to a certain prototype, metaphoricity, they may be used to create a certain expressive effect, evaluation, they represent a stereotypical situation” [4, p. 73]. As it is rightly pointed by E.A. Nakhimova, actual meanings of PNs of famous historical figures are quite predictable [9, p. 15]. The name of Cromwell, the hero of the English Revolution, appears in the media as precedent. The name of the German student Karl Sand became known in history because of his committing the murder of the writ- er-compatriot for political reasons. His name is consonant with the new political context and therefore is claimed in the press as precedent.

The name of the English Revolution hero Cromwell serves as the name-symbol of the precedent situation of drastic cleaning of state power structures:

– Who in the government will take over the role of a n e w C r o m w e l l ?

– In this government one would not take responsibility for anything except for another castle in Switzerland [5*, p. 8].

PN Sand acts as a symbol of the situation of a political murder. In order to clarify its meaning let’s turn to history: May 23rd, 1819, a German student Karl Sand killed a German writer August von Kotzebue (because of his sympathy for Russia). The name of the writer’s killer has become precedent, and it sounds relevant in modern political context:

Sand until now occupies a place of honor in the pantheon of national heroes among the

Germans. But he is a hero, so to say, “of his time”. It is not by the standards of the XXI century to kill the writer, even if he wrote something you did not like. But you see in fact the killers of Oles Buzina in Kiev will declare themselves “ m o d e r n S a n d s ” [6*, p. 21].

◊ PN with a terminological meaning, rising to a precedent text (PT) and acting as an appeal to a specific typical character

When used in speech PN appears to indicate a certain characteristic or appearance, thus PN has a terminological meaning and is a symbol of some characteristic of a character. For ex-

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ample, when a speaker of Russian calls someone Oblomov, he and the recipient know that this one has been characterized as a lazy person (the actualization of a limited set of distinctive features occurs, and perhaps, the actualization of only one distinctive feature –“laziness”) [5, p. 92-93].

Among character types of literary heroes for connotative functioning as PNs authors selected names of Figaro, Hamlet and Romeo, which are well known to the average reader.

So, a hairdresser Gregory Borukhov, who masterfully created tapestries from human hair, is associated by the author of the material, Sergei Nehamkin, with the hero of a comedy by Beaumarchais. PN Figaro is the concentration of certain traits: cheerful, suave, courteous and capable of turning any situation to his advantage. And this whole complex of traits is transferred automatically to the character of the material, thus PN provides a capacious characteristic: one name (typical Figaro) is enough to characterize the hero, you no longer need to say anything else about the nature of your character. PN effectively “works” in the press providing an ideal tool to create an image-type.

Gregory Abramovich Borukhov created tapestries from the hair on the revolutionary theme, embroidered on silk with hair. Well, yes, he was a kind of t y p i c a l F i g a r o , cheerful, suave, courteous. Well, yes, he earned the trust of the Soviet regime [2*, C. 20].

Gregory Melekhov, because of his agonizing, is associated with Hamlet, the eponymous hero of the Shakespeare’s tragedy. The author calls him a “Cossack Hamlet”, as Melekhov by his national origin was a Cossack.

Every true filmmaker needs the beloved hero, who conducts him in the creative world of the author. Sergei Ursulyak has such a hero. But it’s not Gregory Melekhov, a “ C o s - s a c k H a m l e t ” , rushing about from a mistress to a wife, and from the Reds to the Whites [7*, p. 15].

A universally-precedent name Romeo characterizes the hero-lover, this characteristic is denied by a composer Raymond Pauls, who is aware of the price of devastating fleeting love stories and who is an exemplary family man. The adjective “gray” combined with PN Romeo implies irony (we all know that in the Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo was young), and maybe even in some way, the condemnation of gray Romeo.

A composer Raymond Pauls:

“I understand that a family should be protected from devastating love stories. In this regard, I am a realist, unlike some g r a y R o m e o s , who think that a young lady can fall devotedly in love with their talent” [8*, p. 6].

◊ PN with a terminological meaning as a combined characteristic (as a symbol of a specific precedent situation (PS) and as an appeal to a typical character)

It should be said that PN from PT may be polysemic, i.e., it may have the whole complex of distinctive features, including both a description and a situation. Thus, in certain contexts PN Taras Bulba actualizes the precedent situation of murdering his own son, but can also used to refer to a patriot, a free Cossack who defended his motherland [5, p. 92-93].

Among the images that form the basis of PNs in the Russian press are the following, Ivan Susanin (a national hero) and the character of the film “Pulp Fiction” Mr. Wolf.

PN can be connected not with PT, but with the situation which is widely known to all native speakers and serving as precedent. An example of such a precedent name is Ivan Susanin, turning into the name-symbol in this case.

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S u s a n i n f r o m V o r o n e z h – Jacob Yevseich Dorovskih sent a German regiment of long-range guns on the impassable road into a peat bog [9*, p. 13].

PN of Mr. Wolf from the movie “Pulp Fiction” appears as the last hope that the coach

Slutsky, being practical and reliable, would bring order to the national football team.

Here, as in the movie “Pulp Fiction”, they call a M r . W o l f , a man who solves difficult problems. He comes and says: “Let’s wash the blood inside the car, change into clean clothes and load the body in the trunk”. Slutsky is this M r . W o l f . The team needs a man who looks at it in a simple and utilitarian way. He must bring order to the national team [10*, p. 24].

◊ An appeal to an invariant of perception of a precedent name (PN is not associated with any particular PT in this case)

PN has a complex structure, “distinctive features, appeals to which are the most frequent, constitute the core of it, while attributes constitute the periphery” [1, p. 223].

In functioning of a name-symbol that is not associated with any particular precedent text, there may be an appeal to an invariant of its perception, which has a certain minimum set of distinctive features. Examples of such names are Peter I, Napoleon, Suvorov. For example, the invariant of perception of PN Suvorov includes that he is a great leader, a man who is at ease with the authorities [5, p. 94].

This group is the most numerous in the Russian press, which is quite understandable. The name of “a hero (or a heroine) of our time” is rapidly acquiring the status of the precedent name and is used in the press: khristenki-reuses, manturovs; mamaevs and kokorins; kudrinsulyukayevs. Description of reality with the inclusion of precedent names in media materials has

“great suggestive effect, as drawn to the emotions rather than to a reasonable start, which has considerable potential in terms of the manipulation of public opinion” [1, p. 226]. Spheresources of such names, replenishing the category of precedent names, are:

▪ p o l i c y a n d m a n a g e m e n t (kudrins-ulyukayevs; khristenki-reuses, manturovs, Zhirinovsky, Napoleon), this sphere-source is the most widely represented (7 PNs).

▪e c o n o m i c s (the Rothschilds and the Rockefellers) – 2 PNs;

▪a r t (Petipas, Grigoroviches) – 2 PNs;

▪p a t r o n a g e (Morozovs and Mamontovs) – 2 PNs;

▪m o v i e (James Bond, Commissioner Cattani) – 2 PNs;

▪s p o r t (mamaevs and kokorins) – 2 PNs.

▪s c i e n c e (today Korolyov) – 1 PN.

Let’s consider each sphere-source and analyze examples

1. P o l i c y a n d m a n a g e m e n t . In the cited example, there is an appeal to the distinctive feature of the following invariant of perception “ministers who do not show special eagerness or who are not popular with the people, but whom, for whatever reasons, tolerate”.

But the socio-economic sphere for him is a topic in which he is not an expert, so he trusts other professionals. Well, kind of like a toilet to be repaired. We almost can do it all ourselves, but it is better to call the plumber. So k u d r i n s - u l y u k a y e v s are such plumb-

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