FINISHING MATERIALS

The importance of finishing materials in construction is not in doubt - they do not only make the buildings beautiful, but also help to protect their design from atmospheric and other environmental impacts.

Based on operating conditions they can be outdoors finishing materials and internal finishing materials.

1. finishing (decorative) materials include several species which are either thin rolled material (linoleum, wallpaper), or plates of small thickness (ceramics, stone), or composition, put on a surface of thin (decorative plaster, lacquer, paint);

2.construction-finishing materials bear not only a decorative function, but are constructive elements (the blocks of glass, decorative concrete, facing brick);

3.specially-finishing materials and products fulfill certain features: protect from noise, x-ray and etc.

As a rule, internal furnish of room start with the ceiling. Modern decoration can be made from gypsum cardboard, plastic, wood, mirror plates or with the use of stretch ceilings, while building lighting elements.

Modern interior finishing of room walls can be made from a wide array of finishing materials. The most simple finishing of walls consists of the plastering and colouring latex or glutinous paint or wallpaper. Inner walls with using of gypsum cardboard, plastic, wood panels, artistic modeling, ceramic and glass tiles, natural stone, glassblocks and other materials are the most difficult and time consuming. In addition, design of walls often use a combination of many different materials, dividing the room into zones or outlining a design element from the General background.

Internal furnish of a floor, as a rule processes last. Parquet, laminate, linoleum, stone and ceramic tiles are the most common materials. Qualitatively executed interior finishing of the floor has to provide comfort and cosiness for many years.

Dictionary:

Finishing materials – отделочные материалы

Outdoors finishing materials – наружные отделочные материалы

Internal finishing materials – внутренние отделочные материалы Construction - finishing materials – конструкционно - отделочные материалы

Specially - finishing materials – специально-отделочные материалы

Rolled materials – рулонные материалы

Concrete – бетон Stone – камень

Plaster – штукатурка

Glassblock – стеклоблок

Cardboard – гипсокартон

Parquet – паркет Laminate – ламинат

Latex paint – водоэмульсионная краска

11

Lacquer – лак

Stretch material – натяжной материал

Lighting – освещение

WORK ON THE VOCABULARY

1. Find the following sentences in the text:

Важность отделочных материалов в строительстве не вызывает сомнений; внутренняя отделка помещений начинается с потолка; одновременно устанавливаются элементы освещения; наиболее простая отделка стен заключается в оштукатуривании и окраске; в дизайне стен часто используют сочетания разных отделочных материалов; внутренняя отделка пола выполняется в последнюю очередь.

2. Complete the sentences according to the text:

1.Finishing materials in construction help… 2. Internal furnish of room start with …

3.The most simple finishing of walls consists of … 4. Design of walls may divide the room… 5. Qualitatively executed interior finishing of the floor has to….

3.Situational dialogue

You are discussing the development of a room design project with an American partner. Answer his questions:

−Hello I'm a designer. I'm from America. I want to listen to your room’s designproject. What do you start your project with?

−(Как правило, внутренняя отделка помещений начинается с потолка. Я предлагаю выполнить отделку потолка из зеркальных плит; из натяжного потолка с одновременной установкой элементов освещения)

−Ok, and what about the walls’ furnishing?

−(Современная внутренняя отделка стен помещений может быть выполнена из широкого множества отделочных материалов. Мы оштукатурим и окрасим стены фиолетовым цветом)

−Not bad, let's get to the floor’s furnishing.

−(Внутренняя отделка пола, как правило, выполняется в последнюю очередь. Мы предлагаем покрыть пол ламинатом темно-коричневого цвета)

− Very well! I liked your project. I agree to work with you further. Good bye, see your soon.

−Good bye.

12

4. You're engaged in a conversation and a term comes up that's left you completely clueless. For that reason, we checked in with interior designers to find out the top industry terms that are worth knowing. Read on for their explanation of designer jargon and consider making use of these words the next time you find yourself in a design chat.

1.Bespoke – something custom that’s made especially for you.

The tufted bench with its bold, colorful upholstered seat and exaggerated, curved legs, was a bespoke creation to reflect her style and personality.

2.Eclectic – a marriage of various design aesthetics.

The eclectic room is a magical, mystical alchemy of marrying different periods, styles, textures and colors to achieve a warm, collected feel that is elegant, timeless, very unique and personal.

3.Inspired – the idea of harmony in a design scheme.

The inspired home works cohesively as a whole, rather than through a piece-meal approach of finding one element here and another there. It's achieved by conscientiously blending in color, form and function throughout the space, taking into consideration how each element works together holistically.

4.Hygge – it’s about all things cozy.

Hygge is like the only blissful part of winter; the feeling you get from that first sip of hot cocoa while being snuggled under a blanket by a fireplace. It’s a space that provides warmth, relaxation, coziness, and homey-ness despite the season.

5.Feng shui – the concept of crafting a welcoming, functional space with good energy.

Feng shui is mindfulness of place, noticing all the details in your environment with gratitude and care. When we are present for every moment, we can see the beauty and magic in our spaces and in everyday life.

6.Refined – having many design options at your fingertips, but selecting just those few that complement each other.

A mix of timeless beauty and grace, the refined space never goes out of style.

7.Honest – describes a space that is allowed to breathe; not contrived.

Exhausted from stuffy rooms with an artificial air, the homeowner sought to create an honest style in her Santa Monica bungalow, with a relaxed sense of breezy beach living.

8.Layered – building interest through various levels of elements.

The layered bedroom featured a sheepskin rug underfoot, velvet throw blankets for the bed, colorful wool pillow shams and striking contemporary art that tied the many different textures and patterns together.

9.Elevated −something that’s kicked up a notch or taken to another level in style or design.

It wasn't just any midday tea party — the luncheon hosted by the renowned hostess was an elevated affair with crumpets by a famous pastry chef, tea from the highestquality leaves and fine china designed by skilled artisans.

13

10.Shic – design term for “trust me, you’ll like it”.

The newly-designed home featured a chic bedroom, a chic bathroom, chic pillows, chic rugs and chic pencil holders.

11.Artistic − a design style that’s unstructured and unexpected.

There seemed to be no rules in the artistic bathroom, which included artwork scribbled on the mirrors and a collage of mismatched feathers on the walls.

12.Tailored – something with clean lines that hold up to the test of time; not fussy.

The tailored living room's crisp, white furniture had been passed down through three generations, and echoed the room's neat baseboards and moldings.

13.Collrcted − a space that is filled with unique pieces acquired over time, creating depth.

The world traveler's living room took more of a collected approach than her minimalist bathroom, with souvenirs and artworks from visits to the savannas of Africa and the snowy villages of the Alps .

14.Evolving − design term for “let’s decide later”.

While the home's kitchen was decidedly French Country, the dining room's style was still evolving.

15.Edited – well thought-out and organized; minimal without feeling cold.

The room was well edited, with every piece of furniture having a distinct purpose and meaning.

16.Well-appointed – something of exceptional quality and craftsmanship.

The well-appointed furnishings in the bedroom were handmade by Spanish artisans in Valencia, lending to the room's Mediterranean aesthetic.

17.Aspirational – the idea of creating an environment to match a lifestyle goal (like indoor/outdoor living).

The nature-loving homeowner created an aspirational living room to blend the outdoors with the indoors, complete with an extended patio, lush plants and furniture that could easily be moved from the indoors to the outdoors.

18.Whimsical – elements of design that add a sense of humor, or make someone smile.

The whimsical child's room was centered around a vintage carousel horse, which beckoned its resident into her fantasy playground.

19.Contrived patina – character markings on surfaces.

The author's dining room table revealed a contrived patina from years of writing, working and eating on it, giving it a charming "lived-in" appeal.

20.Moody – describes a style that is usually dark with layers of texture.

The moody tablescape featured a palette of deep jewel tones with black accents, and a dark plum velvet table runner.

21.Reimagined – a space that has been completely reinterpreted without boundaries or constraints.

With the homeowner's approval, an interior designer reimagined the historic building, turning it into a luxe modern home with cutting edge appliances and features.

14

22.Clean – a linear and uncluttered style with no frills.

Her design preference was one of clean, minimalistic style, with uncluttered lines and textures.

23.Conversational - something that’s unique, special and possibly a little crazy or expensive; a hard sell.

The faux-fur chair was certainly an unexpected choice for the dining room, but the designer recommended it for its conversational nature.

24.Timeless – design style stays away from trends that are too “now” to avoid quickly dating.

The parlor featured timeless design with functional style and simple sophistication— ignoring the frills and fussiness of the time's trending style.

25.Curated – design that incorporates distinct style with a point of view; drawing from history.

To celebrate the family's ancestry, the curated living room incorporated 19th-century furniture and art, from an antique settee to a reproduction of Monet.

26.Textured – mixed patterns and materials that give layered depth to the senses (both sight and touch).

The textured room invited visitors to both touch and see it, with textures ranging from sheepskin to leather and artwork ranging from watercolor paintings to bronze sculptures.

15

UNIT III

LANDSCAPE DESIGH

LANDSCAPE DESIGN

Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioural, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the systematic design and general engineering of various structures for construction and human use, investigation of existing social, ecological, and soil conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of other interventions that will produce desired outcomes. The scope of the profession is broad and can be subdivided into several sub-categories including professional or licensed landscape architects who are regulated by governmental agencies and posses the expertise to design a wide range of structures and landforms for human use; landscape design which is not a licensed profession; site planning; stormwater management; erosion control; environmental restoration; parks, recreation and urban planning; visual resource management; green infrastructure planning and provision; and private estate and residence landscape master planning and design; all at varying scales of design, planning and management. A practitioner in the profession of landscape architecture may be called a landscape architect, however in jurisdictions where professional licenses are required it is often only those who posses a landscape architect license who can be called a landscape architect.

Landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of urban design, architecture, geography, ecology, civil engineering, structural engineering, horticulture, environmental psychology, industrial design, soil sciences, botany, and fine arts. The activities of a landscape architect can range from the creation of public parks and parkways to site planning for campuses and corporate office parks; from the design of residential estates to the design of civil infrastructure; and from the management of large wilderness areas to reclamation of degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills. Landscape architects work on structures and external spaces in the landscape aspect of the design – large or small, urban, suburban and rural, and with "hard" (built) and "soft" (planted) materials, while integrating ecological sustainability. The most valuable contribution can be made at the first stage of a project to generate ideas with technical understanding and creative flair for the design, organization, and use of spaces. The landscape architect can conceive the overall concept and prepare the master plan, from which detailed design drawings and technical specifications are prepared. They can also review proposals to authorize and supervise contracts for the construction work. Other skills include preparing design impact assessments, conducting environmental assessments and audits, and serving as an expert witness at inquiries on land use issues. The majority of their time will most likely be spent inside an office building designing and preparing models for clients.

16

WORK ON THE VOCABULARY

1. Find the following sentences in the text:

Открытые площадки, желаемые результаты, исследование условий, сфера деятельности, государственные органы, широкий спектр, восстановление окружающей среды, ландшафт частных владений, разнообразные масштабы, практикующий специалист, гражданское строительство, садоводство, почвоведение, бульвар, жилые комплексы, районы дикой природы, восстановление, шахты, свалки, пригородный, сельский, экологическая устойчивость, ценный вклад, творческое чутье, использование пространства, общая концепция, генеральный план, проектные чертежи, технические условия, предложения по разрешению и надзору, контракты на строительные работы, оценки проектного воздействия, расследование вопросов землепользования.

2.Complete the sentences according to the text:

1.Landscape architecture achieves… 2. It investigates…. 3. The scope of the profession can be subdivided into several sub-categories including…. 4. In jurisdictions it is often only those who posses a landscape architect license… 5. Landscape architecture incorporates … 6. The most valuable contribution can be made… 7. The landscape architect prepare … , from which detailed design drawings and technical specifications are prepared.

VOCABULARY

Plants, Flowers and Trees

1.Annual – Annuals are flowering plants that bloom for a single season and will need to be replanted each year.

2.Perennial – Perennials are flowering plants that continue to bloom each year after

they are planted.

3.Barrier Plants – These plants have thorns or other unappealing characteristics that help keep bad guys out of your yard, keep kids from walking through your yard on their way home from the bus stop or keep your dogs from digging in your vegetable garden.

4.Self-Seeding Plants – This type of plant tends to sow its seeds as it sees fit, which

means you might be surprised by the number of seedlings coming up the next season. This may be a good thing, if you do not mind that particular plant taking over part of your yard, but you may want to avoid self-seeding plants if you like a well-ordered garden that does not require the extra work of yanking out unwanted seedlings.

17

5.Underplanting – Underplanting is the practice of planting smaller plants and flowers close to the base of larger plants in an effort to fill out your space and add more color to your landscaping design without using up more space in your yard.

6.Deciduous – Deciduous trees and shrubs lose their leaves each year and are usual-

ly bare and dormant during the winter months. If you are strategically planting trees to reduce energy consumption and lower your utility bills, this is the type you want. The reason you want deciduous trees is that their leaves will help shade your home in the summer to help keep your home cooler, but their lack of leaves in the winter will allow your home to soak up the warming rays of the sun.

7.Evergreen – Evergreen trees and shrubs keep their foliage throughout the year, which is often appealing to homeowners in San Diego County and Orange County where we entertain outdoors whether it is summer or winter.

8.Monoecious – Monoecious plants and trees have both male and female sex organs,

which means they are self-fertile and can produce their flowers or fruits without the need for cross pollination.

9. Dioecious – Dioecious plants and trees are either male or female and require cross pollination with an opposite sex plant in order to produce flowers or fruit.

Most of the plants you pick up at your local garden center are going to flower just fine – you really only need to know this tree sex stuff if you are planning on planting fruit trees and would like to make sure you actually get some fruit.

Garden Structures

10.Arbor – This type of structure has an open framework, is often made of wood and is sometimes shaped in an arch. The purpose of arbors is to provide shade and a trellis-type structure on which vines or plants can climb.

11.Trellis – This type of garden structure is quite common in landscape design and is used to support climbing vines and plants. It is often made of wood or lattice, but plastic and metal trellises are also widely available.

12.Pergola – A pergola is also an open framework structure – like a trellis or arbor –

but they are often larger, sturdier and used to provide shade over larger areas, such as a pathway or patio. Pergolas are attractive options for providing shade over outdoor living areas.

13.Gazebo – Gazebos are free-standing, covered garden structures that are most often made of wood or latticework, but can be made with other materials. They are generally open on the sides with solid or lattice half walls and a solid roof.

14.Belvedere – A belvedere may be a gazebo-type structure or may be an open gal-

lery in your garden, but the defining characteristic of this structure is that it emphasizes a remarkable view or focal point.

15. Privacy Screen – Fences, trellises, shrubs and all sorts of other things can be used to create this structure that is intended to block the view of a certain area or your entire yard to increase privacy or hide something unsightly.

18

16.Deck – A deck is generally a raised structure that is most often made of wood or a composite material made to look like wooden boards.

17.Patio – As opposed to a deck, patios are generally made from paving stones, river rocks, bricks, concrete or other hard materials. A patio may or may not be attached to your home and is usually not covered.

18.Terrace – Like a patio, a terrace may or may not be attached to your home and is

made from hard materials. However, unlike a patio, a terrace is raised off of the ground.

19.Veranda – This feature is a covered outdoor living area that is attached to your home.

20.Porch – A porch is also a covered outdoor area that is attached to your home;

however, a porch is usually associated with a main front or back entry into the house.

21.Portico – A portico is most similar to a porch, since it is covered, attached to your home and associated with an entryway. In fact, portico is the Italian word for porch. Porticos, verandas and porches are often confused and, really, you can almost use these words interchangeably, but there are just a couple of subtle differences. Whether you use portico, porch of veranda as your term of choice now often depends more on the style of the home than any technical differences.

For example, ranch-style homes and bungalows have porches, homes with Mediterranean architecture have porticos, and if your house happens to be a Nantucketinspired mansion, you are probably going to call it a veranda.

22.Retaining Wall – This important structure is a wall made of wood, concrete, paving stones, bricks or other materials with the intention of stabilizing slopes and preventing excessive erosion.

23.Raised Bed – These handy garden structures are often seen in vegetable gardens,

but can also be used for flowers and other plants. When creating raised beds, which are often bordered by large wood planks or railroad ties, the soil is built up higher than the surrounding earth. Some gardeners prefer the orderly look of these beds, while others use this technique to overcome a less-than-ideal drainage or soil situation.

General Landscaping Terms

24. Hardscape – Hardscape refers to walls, patios, walkways and other non-living structures in your landscaping design made from wood, brick, stone or concrete.

25. Softscape – Softscape refers to the natural components in your landscaping, such as plants and the soil.

36. Ground Cover – Ground cover is pretty much anything used to cover the soil, which may include low-growing plants, mulch, gravel, wood chips or bark.

19

UNIT IV

FASHION DESIGH

FASHION DESIGN

Fashion design is the art of applying design, aesthetics and natural beauty to clothing and its accessories. It is influenced by cultural and social attitudes, and has varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories such as bracelets and necklaces. Because of the time required to bring a garment onto the market, designers must at times anticipate changes to consumer tastes.

Fashion designers work in different ways. Some sketch their ideas on paper, while others drape fabric on a dress form. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), he or she will consult a professional pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card or via a computerized system. Finally, a sample garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure it is an operational outfit.

Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as aesthetically pleasing. They consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn, and they work within a wide range of materials, colors, patterns and styles. Though most clothing worn for everyday wear falls within a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are usually sought for special occasions such as evening wear or party dresses.

WORK ON THE VOCABULARY

1. Answer the questions:

1.What is fashion design?

2.What is it influenced by?

3.What must designers anticipate?

4.What way do fashion designers work?

5.Whom a designer consult when he (she) completely satisfied with the fit of the toile?

6.What is done to make sure it is an operational outfit?

7.Does most clothing worn for everyday wear sought for special occasions such as evening wear or party dresses?

20