Учебное пособие 152

Слова синонимы: great, knowledge, present, large, sewers, development, cleaning, occurred, examination, operation, complete, capital, demands, question, considerable, related, cleanliness, contamination is, areas, quick, pollution, means, applying.

VII. Расположите следующие предложения согласно последовательно-

сти изложения в тексте:

1.The progress of sanitation in London looks place in the 19th century.

2.Man built sewers in ancient times.

3.The problem of good sanitation is connected with the purity of natural water reservoirs.

4.Progress in sanitation in the continent started in 1842.

5.Hundreds of streets in London had no sewers.

6.Hamburg had a sewerage system.

7.Great underground drains were built in ancient Rome.

VIII. Восстановите по памяти в каком контексте упоминаются сле-

дующие английские словосочетания:

1.…the source of pollution lies in…

2.…in 1842…

3.…thousands of houses have no drainage…

IX. Переведите следующие предложения с эмфатическим оборотом it is…that – именно.

Образец: It is this place that was chosen to build a new town – Именно это место было выбрано для строительства нового города.

1. It is the dual use of water in nature and industrial building that establishes most impelling reasons for water sanitation.

2. It was in 1935 when the first Metro station was built in Moscow. 3. It is he who always comes first to the Institute.

4. It was in 1961 when Jury Gagarin flew into outer space. 5. It will be the text that we are to translate at home.

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6. It is the problem of energy sources that the world is facing at the present day. 7. It was my brother who helped me at that time.

8. It is this problem that is to be solved.

X. Расположите следующие предложения согласно последовательности изложения в тексте:

1. The progress of sanitation in London did not keep pace with the growth and development of the city. 2. Man built sewers in ancient times. 3. The first steps to study sanitary condition in London were made in the first half of the 19th century. 4. Public health depends to a large extent on good sanitary condition in a community. 5. Rapid industrialization calls for new, more elaborate water treatment methods. 6. The problem of good sanitation and that of protecting the purity of natural water reservoirs are mutually dependent. 7. Progress in sanitation in the European continent started only as late as the second half of the 19th century. 8. Industry causes the worst water pollution. 9. Today rivers, lakes and ground-waters contain considerable amounts of the products of mechanical, chemical and biological pollution. 10. Both sewage and refuse must be removed promptly. 11. The lack of an adequate survey of the capital made planning and execution of sewerage work impossible.

XI. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.When has man’s sewerage practice been known from?

2.What drains have been described?

3.When did the progress of sanitation in London take place?

4.What elevation were the sewers in adjoining streets?

5.Who made a comprehensive study of metropolitan sewerage needs?

6.Where did a marked progress in sewerage begin in 1842?

7.What is the problem of good sanitation closely connected with?

8.Where is the source of pollution?

9.What do we need?

XII. Расскажитеобисторииканализации,используя следующие словаи выражения:

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Sewerage practice, underground drains, progress of sanitation, of different elevation, a marked progress, is connected, the source of pollution, new ways of.

Тема 3. Energy and Its Sources

I. Вспомните, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и следую-

щие английские:

Serious, problem, potential, energy, transportation, technological, industrialization, to classify, material, million, to associate, natural, gas. result, resources, reserves, popular, form, generator, logical, alternative, electricity, efficiency, finally, reaction, reservoir, turbine, standard, total, period, to utilize, solar.

II. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

To meet the needs (demands), standard of living, according to, raw materials, natural resources, long-range (long-term), demands, so-called, of plant and animal origin, at such a rate, nuclear energy, nuclear reaction.

III.Выучите слова к теме Energy and Its Sources: to face – стоять перед

deposited – отложенный shortage = lack – недостаток fossil fuel – ископаемое топливо to consume – потреблять

generation – выработка, производство, поколение amount = quantity – количество

extraction – извлечение, добыча

to relate – иметь отношение, связывать solution – решение, раствор

origin – происхождение

IV. Прочитайте и переведите тему

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Energy and Its Sources

1.The world is facing a serious problem of potential shortage of energy, which is extremely important to meeting all man's physical needs-clothing, shelter, transportation, convenience, recreation, etc.

2.The consumption of energy is expected to grow. The amount of energy consumed by a country is closely connected with its degree of technological development and industrialization, which are in turn related to the people's standard of living.

3.Energy can be classified according to its sources. The principal materials for obtaining energy are of plant and animal origin: coal, oil, and natural gas. These "fossil fuels" are extremely useful raw materials because of the conveniently stored chemical energy. But when they are burned for fuel, harmful pollution may result and there is a great waste of natural resources.

4.Wood was the main source a hundred years ago. The growth of coal usage in the early 1900s is associated with rapidly increasing industrial development. There followed a great expansion in the consumption of natural gas and fuel oil for heating, electrical generation and especially transportation.

5.The reserves of popular energy sources as natural gas and oil are not expected to meet the long-term demands. Natural gas is a popular source of energy because of its convenience for use and cleanliness in burning. It is generally believed that gas will be the first fossil fuel to be in short supply, and the cost of oil extraction is high.

6.To these sources we can add the energy obtained from water motion and the sun. Hydroelectric power is available when a stream can be dammed to form a large reservoir, permitting falling water to turn a hydraulic turbine connected to an electric generator. This source cannot meet the total need in power.

Solar power is often mentioned as the logical alternative. The amount of radiant energy that reaches the earth’s surface is more than what is needed. For the generation of electricity, there are serious problems to be solved. To collect and concentrate the energy by reflectors and converters of present efficiency is the ma-

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jor difficulty. There remain many technological problems in this area.

7.Man is consuming the remaining resources at a rate that they may last only a few centuries. This may seem to be a long time in the life of a single generation, but in man's history it is only a short period. If the world is to solve the longrange energy problem, it must look for and use all available practical sources economically. Efforts to eliminate the extravagant waste of energy are needed at the same time.

8.Several conclusions can be made: research and development work to find new sources of energy and ways of increasing efficiency are needed; the new sources of fuels must be fully developed and utilized. And we must give a serious consideration to nuclear energy, i.e. the energy from nuclear reactions, the burning of nuclear fuel.

V. Определите значение данных слов, употребленных в тексте:

1.to face (1) – смотреть в лицо, облицовывать, стоять перед; 2. in turn

(2)– пo очереди, в свою очередь, со своей стороны; 3. generation (4) – поко-

ление, производство, образование, добыча; 4. development (8) – развитие, за-

стройка, расширение, рост; 5. oil (3) – масло, нефть; 6. power (6) – мощь, сила,

энергия, власть, держава; 7. plant – установка, завод, растение; 8. wood (4) –

дерево, лес, дрова; 9. waste (3) – отбросы, бесполезная трата, растрачивание;

10. origin (3) – источник, происхождение, начало.

VI. Найдите слово, от которого были образованы следующие слова: a) Образец: consumption – to consume.

Connection, industrialization, classification, pollution, expansion, generation, extraction, elimination, conclusion, consideration, transportation, collection.

b) Образец: development – to develop.

Agreement, disagreement, payment, basement, requirement, treatment, improvement, statement, employment, management, replacement, government.

VII. Найдите русские эквиваленты следующим английским словам :

1) problem, 2) to meet, 3) clothing, 4) consumption, 5) to grow, 6) closely,

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7) source, 8) convenience, 9) motion, 10) solar;

а) солнечный, б) движение, в) удобство, г) источник, д) тесно, е) расти,

ж) потребление, з) одежда, и) удовлетворять, к) проблема.

VIII. Дополните незаконченные предложения одним из вариантов а), b), с):

То solve the problem of energy shortage...

а)the consumption of energy should grow; b)there should be no extravagant waste of energy; c)man uses energy to meet the needs of life.

2.In future the consumption of energy will grow

a)because natural resources will last forever;

b)and the products of burning pollute the atmosphere;

c)energy supply is based on fossil fuels.

3.So-called ―fossil fuels‖...

a)have been formed in the earth;

b)can last for ever;

c)are a result of chemical reactions in a reactor.

4.Man must discover and use sources other than fossil fuels...

a)because solar energy provides electricity for desalination of sea water;

b)nuclear energy can meet the world’s demands in fuel;

c)for they are extremely useful natural resources.

IX. Вставьте пропущенное слово:

1.The world is facing a problem of ... of energy.

2.The … of energy is growing.

3.Energy can be … according to its sources.

4.The materials for obtaining energy are of … origin.

5.Wood was the … source a hundred years ago.

6. … gas is a popular source of energy.

7.We can add the energy from water …

8.We must give a serious … to nuclear energy.

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Consideration, motion, natural, main, plant, classified, consumption, shortage.

X. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на пе-

ревод инфинитива:

1. The consumption of energy is expected to grow. 2. Coal, natural gas and oil supplies are said to be limited. 3. Nuclear energy is believed to be the solution of the energy problem. 4. Fossil fuels are not expected to meet the long-term demands in fuel. 5. Fossil fuels are known to have become limited. 6. Solar energy is thought to be a solution to the energy problem. 7. There are serious problems to be solved in the near future. 8. We have nuclear energy to be given serious consideration to. 9. The pollution is a factor not to be ignored. 10. The reflectors to be designed to collect solar energy have been quite a difficulty.

XI. Составьте группы однокоренных слов и переведите их:

Needs, convenience, consumption, development, to need, convenient, growth, natural, to consume, useless, electrical, generation, nature, to use, to develop, to grow, electricity, to generate, useful, conveniently, uselessly, consumed, use, growing, developing, naturally, needless, consumer, electric, useful.

XII. Ответьте на вопросы по теме Energy and Its Sources:

1.What serious problem is the world facing?

2.Is the consumption of energy growing?

3.How can energy be classified?

4.What are the materials for obtaining energy?

5.What was the main source of energy a hundred years ago?

6.What cost is high?

7.What other sources of energy can we add?

8.Are new sources of energy needed?

9.What must we give a serious consideration to?

10.What is a popular source of energy?

XIII. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:

1. Мир стоит перед серьезной проблемой нехватки энергии. 2. Потреб-

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ление энергии непрерывно растет. 3. Энергию можно классифицировать по ее источникам. 4. Материалы для получения энергии бывают растительного и животного происхождения.5. Это уголь, нефть и природный газ. 6. Дрова бы-

ли основным источником энергии 100 лет тому назад. 7. Природный газ – это очень популярный источник энергии. 8. Стоимость добычи нефти высока. 9.

К источникам энергии можно добавить энергию движения воды и солнца.

10.Нужно искать новые источники энергии. 11. Мы должны уделить серьез-

ное внимание атомной энергии.

XIV. Расскажите об энергии и ее источниках, используя следующие выражения: to face a problem, consumption of energy, according to, sources, of plant and animal origin, a popular source, oil extraction, water motion, to find, to give a serious consideration to.

Тема 4. Nuclear Energy

I. Вспомните, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и следую-

щие английские слова:

energy, problem, based, limited, natural gas, hydroelectric, technological, practical, technology, nature, thermal, radioactive, electrical, factors, construction, confusion, public, opponent, reason, reactions, types, operate, principle, fact, safe, transportation, potentially, satisfaction, material.

II. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

energy consumption, energy supply, fossil fuel, solar power, source of energy, nuclear energy, energy needs (demands), power plant, to take place, reactor core, technological development, air pollution, water pollution, nuclear plant (reactor, reactions), nuclear power plant, steam power plant.

III. Выучите слова к теме Nuclear Energy: rapid = quick – быстрый

tide – прилив, отлив

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benefit – польза

existence – существование

demand = need = requirement – спрос, требование, потребность conventional = usual = standard = general – обычный

device = mechanism – механизм various = different – различный processing = treatment –переработка disposal = removal – удаление

to force – заставлять to cause – вызывать

to consist in – заключаться в...

IV. Прочтите и переведите тему

Nuclear Energy:

1.A very rapid growth of energy consumption occurred in the twentieth century. A major problem is that the world's energy supply is based on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are limited and their supply is running out. From this it follows that the future of our energy supply must be based on sources other than fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas.

2.Hydroelectric, wind, tidal and solar power require much technological development. New and different sources of energy have to be found and brought into practical use. The problem consists in developing technology to extract energy from nature without causing air, water, thermal or radioactive pollution. The wise use of nuclear energy is based on an understanding of dangers and benefits to our existence.

3.In the near future about half of electrical supply is expected to come from nuclear sources. There are many factors that will determine the accuracy of this prediction. It is noted that the cost of construction of a nuclear plant is high but the fuel cost is low.

4.Yet there is considerable confusion in the public mind when it comes to

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nuclear power plants. There are those who consider it to be a major solution to the world's energy needs. There are opponents with good reason to be critical. In either case we are faced with the rapidly increasing energy demands of the future.

5.A nuclear power plant is very much like a conventional steam power plant. The only difference is that the heat used to run the electric generator is not obtained by burning coal, gas, or oil but from controlled nuclear reactions. A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear reactions take place.

6.There are various types of nuclear reactors. All of them operate on the same principle. Yet we always face the fact that the use of nuclear energy requires safe transportation, processing, storage, and disposal of potentially dangerous materials. However the dream of limitless power will force mankind to find solutions to all these problems for the satisfaction of man's needs.

V. Укажите правильное лексическое значение слова: major (1) – майор; мажор; важный; старший, главный;

to run out (1) – выбегать; работать; управлять; истощаться;

to extract (2) – удалять; выжимать; извлекать корень; добывать; nature (2) – характер; нрав; натура; природа;

confusion (4) – беспорядок; смущение; путаница; reason (4) – разум; причина; довод; основание; case (4) – ящик; футляр; случай;

good (4) – добрый; хороший; обоснованный; mind (4) – мысль; ум; мнение; память;

plant (5) – установка; завод; растение; problem (1) – вопрос; проблема; задача; like (1) – любить; похожий; как;

factor (3) – коэффициент; фактор;

construction (3) – конструкция; строительство.

VI. Образуйте наречия от следующих прилагательных и переведите их:

Образец: rapid — rapidly – быстрый – быстро.

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