англ

specializes in Computers and Maths. My school has over 1200 computers (including over 400 tablet PC‘s)

I am in Year 8. I am presently having to decide what GCSEs I would like to start working towards. I am sitting for my GCSE exams next year instead of the year after when most other people of my age will be doing them.

Some subjects are compulsory like Maths, English, Science and a foreign language. I am not sure what other GCSEs I will be taking. I will have to decide soon.

My School Day

I leave home at 6:45 and walk 20 minutes to catch a bus to school. The bus is a special one just for kids going to my school. The journey on the bus takes an hour because it has to keep stopping to pick up other students along the way.

When I arrive at school, I collect my Tablet PC from the Flexi (Flexiable Learning Centre). Then I go to my Tutor Room for Registration at 8:30.

What is Registration?

The attendance of every child attending school each morning and afternoon is recorded in a special book. The teacher reads out each child‘s name in turn. On hearing his/her name, the child replies ‗yes Mrs. (teacher‘s name)‘ and the teacher notes down in the book whether the child is in school or not.

We listen to announcements to see what special things are happening at school today or this week.

At about 8:50 we leave Tutor Room to go to our First Period. Every day I have a different Lesson the first period. Normally it is Humanities but I also have Maths, Drama and Music, and French on the other days. Each period lasts an hour.

All my lessons are in different rooms and places around the school. Each Room either has a three digit number or a name. The numbers are very hard to remember! I have different teachers for each lesson. I have a locker where I can store some of my stuff but otherwise I have to carry it all around with me in my bags.

Swipe Cards

Every Student carries a swipe card. We swipe into every lesson to let the school know that we have attended that certain lesson and where we are in case of emergencies.

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There are two stripes, a black and a brown, on the Swipe Card. The brown is to swipe into lessons and the black is to get into the toilets and buildings.

We can put money on our Swipe cards instead of carrying cash around. When we want to pay for snacks at the shop or the canteen we just hand over our cards and they deduct the money.

Subjects

Maths, English, Science, ICT, Drama, Music, Art, PE.

Humanities (History, Geography, and Religion), French or Spanish. Time Table

9:00 1st Period 10:00 2nd Period 11:00 – 11:20 Break

During the break, I have a snack and play and chat with my friends. Usually we play a chasing game. Snow ball fight when it snows is dead fun.

11:20 3rd Period 12:30 4th Period 1:30 – 2:10 Lunch

I bring a packed lunch to school but occasionally I have school dinners in the School Canteen. School lunches are priced at £1.60.

2:10 5th Period 3:10 End of School

Sometimes I stay after school for clubs. Canteen

The Canteen is open at Lunch Time and Break Time. Most hot food is served only at lunch time. Chips are only available on Mondays and Fridays.

Tablet PC

We don‘t use our Tablet PCs in all lessons because some rooms do not have enough power sockets. We use the Tablets to do our work on and to search the Internet. Our Tablet PCs are connected to a Network so we can send our work straight to our teachers, and they can send them back with their comments.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. How old is Eric? 2. What subjects are compulsory for GCSE? 3. What do pupils do in Tutor room before lessons? 4. What is a Swipe Card used for at school? 5. How many lessons a day do British pupils have? 6. Where do the pu-

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pils take a Tablet PC? 7. How do they use the computer at school? 8. How do British pupils address their teacher?

To Lesson 28

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A Dying Technology

Incinerators and landfills are both attempts to answer the question, ―what do we do with waste?‖ Over the last century, governments have invested billions of dollars in increasingly sophisticated technologies in the vain hope of making waste disappear. Yet neither incinerators nor landfills truly dispose of waste; each creates significant, hazardous byproducts and generates additional waste streams that require further management. This is because waste, like all matter, can never truly be destroyed. The current paradigm of waste management attempts to impose a linear production model on a cyclical ecosystem.

In the linear model of the human economy, materials are first extracted from nature, then processed into goods, then consumed, and finally discarded. The challenge, therefore, is not merely to find a new method of dealing with waste, but to completely change the manner in which materials flow through human society. At the same time, human discards must be fed back into the economy in ways that reduce the pressure on natural resources. At that point, they are no longer wastes, but resources.

Alternative approaches must begin by questioning the fundamental assumptions of traditional waste management. These include the ever increasing quantity of waste generated, the mixing of disparate materials in the waste stream, and failure of much industrial design to take wastes properly into account. Waste generation is often projected to increase without limit for the foreseeable future. But it should be obvious that waste – and therefore resource consumption – cannot grow infinitely on a finite planet.

Waste management must therefore be replaced by materials management: creating a closed loop economy that neither generates significant wastes nor consumes resources beyond their replacement rate. In order to achieve this closed-loop economy, true waste (material that is of no use and must be disposed) must be differentiated from discards: materials that are of no further use to their present owner but are still a resource to be fed back into the economy.

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This means an end to the mixed waste stream. When discards are mixed, they become useless and appear to require large-scale disposal technologies to manage them.

Currently, waste management is treated as wholly unrelated to an economy‘s production and consumption patterns. Governments collect and manage most waste while private firms and consumers produce it. As a result, private businesses shift a significant portion of their costs onto society as a whole by not taking responsibility for their waste streams and by manufacturing products that cannot readily be recycled. Even when producers do have responsibility for their wastes, such as process wastes from a factory, they rarely pay the full cost of managing them. Incineration and landfilling merely transfer the problem to other populations and future generations. Large-scale industrial redesign is needed to eliminate wastes that result from production and change products so that they may be recycled.

Ultimately, an effective program for dealing with waste is more about materials management than about technology. Although the details vary considerably, three principles are the key to solving the waste problem: prevention / minimization, waste stream segregation and industrial redesign.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. What are the traditional ways of waste disposal? 2. Why are incinerators and landfills harmful to the environment? 3. What is meant by a linear production model? 4. What is a true waste? 5. What is needed to eliminate wastes? 7. What are the key principles to solve the waste problem? 8. Are you ready to sort your wastes at home?

To Lesson 30

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Spray-On Solar-Power Cells Are True Breakthrough

Scientists have invented a plastic solar cell that can turn the sun‘s power into electrical energy, even on a cloudy day. The plastic material uses nanotechnology and contains the first solar cells able to harness the sun‘s invisible, infrared rays. It is a real breakthrough! The theorists predict that plastic solar cells

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could one day become five times more efficient than current solar cell technology.

Like paint, the composite can be sprayed onto other materials and used as portable electricity. A sweater coated by the material could power a cell phone or other wireless devices. A hydrogen-powered car painted with the film could potentially convert enough energy into electricity to continually recharge the car‘s battery.

The researchers envision that one day ―solar farms‖ consisting of the plastic material could be rolled across deserts to generate enough clean energy to supply the entire planet‘s power needs.

―The sun that reaches the Earth‘s surface delivers 10,000 times more energy than we consume‖, said Ted Sargent, an electrical and computer engineering professor at the University of Toronto. Sargent is one of the inventors of the new plastic material. ―If we could cover 0.1 percent of the Earth‘s surface with [very efficient] large-area solar cells‖, he said, ―we could in principle satisfy all of our energy needs with a source of power which is clean and renewable‖.

Infrared Power

Plastic solar cells are not new. But existing materials are only able to harness the sun‘s visible light. While half of the sun‘s power lies in the visible spectrum, the other half lies in the infrared spectrum.

The new material is the first plastic composite that is able to harness the infrared portion.

―Everything that‘s warm gives off some heat‖, Sargent said. ―So there actually is some power remaining in the infrared spectrum, even when it appears to us to be dark outside‖.

The researchers combined specially designed nano-particles called quantum dots with a polymer to make the plastic that can detect energy in the infrared. With further advances, the new plastic ―could allow up to 30 percent of the sun‘s radiant energy to be harnessed, compared to 6 percent in today‘s best plastic solar cells‖, said Peter Peumans, a Stanford University electrical engineering professor, who studied the work.

Electrical Sweaters

The new material could make technology truly wireless. Sargent said that the plastic coating could be woven into a shirt or sweater and used to charge an item like a cell phone.

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―A sweater is already absorbing all sorts of light both in the infrared and the visible‖, said Sargent. ―Instead of just turning that into heat, as it currently does, imagine if it were to turn that into electricity‖.

Other possibilities include energy-saving plastic sheeting that could be spread on a rooftop to supply heating needs, or solar cell window coating that could let in enough infrared light to power home appliances.

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