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ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥ. 16 |
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Ɋɟɚɝɟɧɬɵ |
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ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ |
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Ⱥɧɢɨɧɵ |
(ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ) |
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ɷɮɮɟɤɬ |
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I– |
Ag+ |
AgIĻ (ɠɟɥɬɵɣɨɫɚɞɨɤ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɜ NH4OH) |
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Cl2 (ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɜ |
[I3]– – ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ |
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ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ CHCl3) |
ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɨ-ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ |
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ɢɡɛ. Cl2 |
IɈ3– – ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɟɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɹ |
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S2+ |
Ag+ |
Ag2SĻ (ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ) |
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H+ |
H2SĹ (ɡɚɩɚɯ) |
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Cd2+ |
CdSĻ (ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ) |
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NO3– |
Fe (II) (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɤɨɧɰ. |
[Fe(NO)]SO4 (ɛɭɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ) |
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H2SO4) |
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ɞɢɮɟɧɢɥɚɦɢɧ |
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N |
N |
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.HSO4 |
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H |
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(ɫɢɧɟɟ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ) |
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NO2– |
ɇ+ |
NO2Ĺ + NOĹ (ɛɭɪɵɣ ɝɚɡ) |
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ɚɧɬɢɩɢɪɢɧ |
ɧɢɬɪɨɡɨɚɧɬɢɩɢɪɢɧ(ɢɡɭɦɪɭɞɧɨ-ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣɰɜɟɬ) |
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MnO4– (ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟ- |
ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ KMnO4 |
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ɞɟ) |
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NH4Cl, t° |
N2Ĺ |
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ɋɇ3ɋɈɈ– |
ɇ+ |
ɋɇ3ɋɈɈɇ (ɡɚɩɚɯ ɭɤɫɭɫɚ) |
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C2H5OH; H2SO4 |
CH3ɋɈɈɋ2ɇ5 (ɡɚɩɚɯ ɹɛɥɨɤ) |
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Fe (III) |
[(CH3COO)6Fe(OH)2]+ (ɤɪɚɫɧɨ-ɛɭɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ) |
41
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 17
ɊȿȺɄɐɂɂ ɄȺɌɂɈɇɈȼ II-VI ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ȽɊɍɉɉ ɉɊɂ ɉɊɂȽɈɌɈȼɅȿɇɂɂ “ɋɈȾɈȼɈɃ ȼɕɌəɀɄɂ”
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɝɪɭɩɩɚ
II |
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ǻ |
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2Ag+ + CO32- |
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Ag2CO3p o Ag2Op + CO2n |
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2Pb2+ |
+ 2CO32- + H2O |
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(PbOH)2CO3p + CO2n |
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Hg22+ |
+ CO32- |
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Hg2CO3p |
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HgOp + Hgp + CO2n |
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IIIBa2+ + CO32- BaCO3p Sr2+ + CO32- SrCO3p Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3p
IV |
2Al3+ + 3CO32- + 3H2O |
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2Al(OH)3p + 3CO2n |
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Al(OH)3p + 3OH- o [Al(OH)6]3- |
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2Cr3+ + 3CO32- + 3H2O |
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2Cr(OH)3p + 3CO2n |
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Cr(OH)3p + 3OH- o [Cr(OH)6]3- |
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Sn2+ + CO32- + H2O |
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Sn(OH)2p + CO2n |
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Sn(OH)2p + 4OH- o [Sn(OH)6]4- |
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[SnCl6]2- + 2CO32- + 2H2O |
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Sn(OH)4p + 2CO2n + 6Cl- |
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Sn(OH)4p + 2OH- o [Sn(OH)6]2- |
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Zn2+ + CO32- + H2O |
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Zn(OH)2p + CO2n |
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Zn(OH)2p + 2OH- o [Zn(OH)4]2- |
VFe2+ + CO32- FeCO3p ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɛɭɪɟɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ Fe(OH)3 ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
4FeCO3p + 6H2O + O2 o 4Fɟ(OH)3p + 4CO2n 2Fe3+ + 3CO32- + H2O 2Fe(OH)3p + 3CO2n Mn2+ + CO32- MnCO3p
2Mg2+ + 2CO32- + H2O (MgOH)2CO3p + CO2n
2Bi3+ + 3CO32- + H2O 2BiOHCO3p + CO2n 2[SbCl6]3- + 3H2O + 3CO32-
2Sb(OH)3p + CO2n + 12Cl- [SbCl6]- + 3CO32- + ɇ2Ɉ
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ɇSbO3p + 6Cl- + 2CO2Ĺ + HCO3- |
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VI |
2Co2+ + 2CO32- + H2O |
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(CoOH)2 CO3p + CO2n |
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Ni2+ + CO32- |
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NiCO3p |
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2Cu2+ + 2CO32- + H2O |
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(CuOH)2CO3p + CO2n |
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2Hg2+ + 2CO32- + H2O |
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(HgOH)2CO3p + CO2n |
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(HgOH)2CO3p |
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2HgOp + CO2n + H2O |
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42
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 18
ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɏɈȾ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɋɆȿɋɂ ɋȿɊɍɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɓɂɏ ȺɇɂɈɇɈȼ
S2-, S2O32-, SO42- , SO32-
ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
1Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ S2--ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] ɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ: Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]
S2- Na2[Fe(CN)5NOS]4-
Ʉɪɚɫɧɨ-ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ S2--ɢɨɧɨɜ
2Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ S2--ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ CdCO3:
CdCO3
S2- CdSp
Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ CdS ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
3Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ S2O32- ɢ SO32-, SO42--ɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬ 2:
Sr(NO3)2
SO32- SrSO3p
Sr(NO3)2
SO42- SrSO4p
Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ SrSO3, SrSO4 ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
4Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ SO32- ɢ SO42--ɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ 2Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HCl ɧɚ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ 3:
HCl
SrSO3p SO2n
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ SO32--ɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɣɨɞɚ:
ȱ2
SO2n SO42- HCl
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɣɨɞɚ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɇɟɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ 3 ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ SO42--ɢɨɧɨɜ
5Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ S2O32--ɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HCl ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɣɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬ 3:
HCl
S2O32-p Sp
ȱ2
S2O32-p ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɣɨɞɚ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
HCl
43
ɋɯɟɦɚ 8
ɋɏȿɆȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ SO42-, SO32-, S2O32-, S2- ɉɊɂ ɂɏ ɋɈȼɆȿɋɌɇɈɆ ɉɊɂɋɍɌɋɌȼɂɂ
Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]
Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS] |
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SO42-, SO32-, S2O32-, S2- |
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NaHCO3
2 CdCO3
ĻCdS SO42-, SO32-, S2O32-
3 Sr(NO3)2
I2
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ĻSrSO4, ĻSrSO3 |
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5 |
HCl |
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HCl (2M) |
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ĻS |
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ĹSO2 |
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ĹSO2 |
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ĻSrSO4 |
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4 I2
Ɉɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ |
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Ɉɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ |
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44
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 19
ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɏɈȾ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɋɆȿɋɂ ȽȺɅɈȽȿɇɂȾ-ɂɈɇɈȼ
Cl-, Br-, I-
ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
1Ɉɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Cl-, Br-, I--
ɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ HNO3 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ AgNO3: AgNO3
Cl- AgClp HNO3
AgNO3
Br- AgBrp HNO3
AgNO3
I- AgIp HNO3
Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɐɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬ ɧɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ
2ɈɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟCl--ɢɨɧɨɜɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɧɚɨcɚɞɨɤ1 12% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ(NH4)2ɋO3:
(NH4)2ɋO3, 12%
AgClp [Ag(NH3)2]+, Cl-
Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ AgBr, AgI ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ
3ɈɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟCl--ɢɨɧɨɜɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚHNO3 ɧɚɰɟɧɬɪɢɮɭɝɚɬ2:
HNO3
[Ag(NH3)2]+, Cl- AgClp
4Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ I- ɢ Br--ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬ-
ɜɨɪɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦɚ:
Cl2
ȱ- ȱ2 (ɤɪɚɫɧɨ-ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ)
Cl2
Br- Br2 (ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɫɧɨ-ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɯɥɨɪɨɮɨɪɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ)
45
ɋɯɟɦɚ 9
ɋɏȿɆȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɋɆȿɋɂ ȽȺɅɈȽȿɇɂȾ-ɂɈɇɈȼ (Cl-, Br-, I-)
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Cl-, Br-, I- |
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Cl2, (aqua), |
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AgNO3, HNO3 (2M) |
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CHCl3 |
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ĻAgCl, ĻAgBr, ĻAgI |
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Cl2, (aqua), ɢɡɛ., CHCl3 |
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Br2, IO3- |
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Cl-, [Ag(NH3)2]+ |
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ĻAgBr, ĻAgI |
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3
ĻAgCl
46
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 20
ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɏɈȾ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɋɆȿɋɂ ȺɁɈɌɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɓɂɏ ȺɇɂɈɇɈȼ
NO2-, NO3-
ʋ ɷɬɚɩɚ |
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ |
1Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ NO2--ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɬɢɩɢɪɢɧɚ:
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H3C |
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ɂɡɭɦɪɭɞɧɨ-ɡɟɥɟɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ |
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C6H5 |
2ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ NO2--ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ NH4Cl ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ:
NH4Cl, ǻ
NO2- N2n
3Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ NO3--ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ 2 ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ FeSO4 ɜ ɩɪɢ-
ɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɨɧɰ. H2SO4:
FeSO4, H2SO4 [Fe(NO)]SO4
ɛɭɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Br- ɢɥɢ I--ɢɨɧɵ, ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɯɥɨɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HCl ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ:
Cl2, ǻ
Br- Br2n
HCl
Cl2, ǻ
I- I2n HCl
47
ɋɯɟɦɚ 10
ɋɏȿɆȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɋɆȿɋɂ ȺɇɂɈɇɈȼ: NO2-, NO3-
NO2-, NO3- |
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1 Ⱥɧɬɢɩɢɪɢɧ |
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NH4Cl (ɤɪɢɫɬ.),ǻ |
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H3C |
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FeSO4, H2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ.) |
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[Fe(NO) ]SO4 |
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48
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ (ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ) ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ, ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ bA + cB dD + eE ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (v1 ) ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ:
v1 K1 abA acB ,
ɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (v2 ) ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ:
v2 K2 adD aeE ,
ɝɞɟ: Ʉ1 – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ; Ʉ2 – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ;
ɚ – ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ (ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ), ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɜɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɨɬɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ(ɋ) ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɜɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ.
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ɚ = C·f, |
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ɝɞɟ: |
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f – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, f |
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Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ f ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (ɫd10-6 ɦɨɥɶ·ɥ-1) ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɨɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɨɧɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ – ɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
(µ). ɂɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɫɭɦɦɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬ ɢɯ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ:
µ12 ¦Ci Zi2 ,
Ci – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ i-ɬɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, Z i – ɡɚɪɹɞ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɚ.
ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ:
lgf 0,5Z2 µ .
49
ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɷɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ( v1 ) ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ( v2 ):
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v1 |
v2 ; |
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K1 aAb acB |
K2 adD aeE . |
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Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ |
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ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ |
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Ʉɪ. Ʉɪ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ Ʉɪ:
BmAn mBn+ + nAm-,
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Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ:
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[H ][OH ] |
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Ʉɪ |
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ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɦ, ɬɨ |
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[ɇ2Ɉ] ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟ-
ɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ Ʉw:
Kw = Ʉɪ[H2O] = [H+][OH-].
ɉɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ (25°ɋ) Ʉw = 1·10-14. ȼ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
[H ] [OH ] 10 14 10 7 ɦɨɥɶ ɥ 1 .
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ [ɇ+] ɢ [Ɉɇ-] ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɟɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɬɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ:
-lg[H+] = pH, -lg[OH-] = pOH,
lgKw = -lg[H+] - lg[OH-], lgKw = pH + pOH.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɧɟɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɜɨɞɟ ɚɜɬɨɩɪɨɬɨɥɢɡɭ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
H2O + H2O |
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C2H5OH2+ + C2H5O-, |
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H2NCH2CH2NH3+ + H2NCH2CH2NH-, |
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