книги / Английский язык для горных инженеров

На обсуждение выносятся следующие вопросы:

1.What are the problems with coal as a domestic fuel?

2.What are the advantages of oil and gas over coal?

3.Which energy source increased most between 1973 and 1986 in the UK?

4.Which eneigy source decreased most between 1973-1986 in the UK?

5.Is nuclear power the only alternative to fossil fuels for the production of electricity?

6.Is nuclear energy dangerous and unnecessary?

7.How can people develop alternative sources of energy and which ones?

Фразы для ведущего:

Right, let’s get started.

Perhaps, you’d like to start, Ann.

Just a minute, Peter, let Ann finish what she was saying. We’ll come to your point later.

Perhaps, you’d like to explain/tell us ...

Let’s move on ...

А теперь выбирайте ведущего и начинайте дискуссию, руководствуясь вопросами, вынесенными на обсуждение, статьей, фразами, приведенными после статьи и на с. 158, а главное, вашей эрудицией и конкретными зна­ ниями по обсуждаемой проблеме. Желаем успеха!

Формальным признаком инфинитива в английском языке яв­ ляется частица to. После модальных и вспомогательных глаголов частица to перед инфинитивом отсутствует.

Инфинитив имеет следующие формы:

Особое внимание следует обратить на инфинитив в страдатель­ ном залоге (Infinitive Passive), который очень часто встречается в технических текстах. Сравните:

ТЕКСТА Prospecting

Mining activities include prospecting and exploration for a mineral deposit through finding, proving, developing, extracting and processing the ore. That is why it is possible to divide the min­ ing activity into three major phases: 1) before mining which in­ volves prospecting and exploration required to locate, characterize and prove a potential ore body; 2) mining which refers to actual coal or ore extraction. Extraction processes include underground or surface mining and dredging; 3) after mining which involves processing and preparing the raw ore for the end product.

As has already been said, before a mineral deposit can be worked, that is, before it can be extracted from the Earth for use by man, it must first be found. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is called prospecting. To establish the quality and quantity of a mineral deposit, the type of country rock, etc. means to prove it and this process is called proving. Prospecting and proving are only two different stages of mining geological exploration, the latter includes drilling and driving of openings.

Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of mineral­ ization on the surface of the Earth. To recognize valuable minerals it was necessary to know their various distinctive physical properties. For example, gold occurs in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal. Galena, the most important mineral containing lead, is dark grey, heavy and lustrous. The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of magnetite, a black heavy mineral capable of attracting a piece of iron.

As the deposits of mineral that cropped out at the surface were mined, the search for additional supplies of minerals took place. The science ofgeology was used to explain the occurrence ofore deposits.

The aim of geological prospecting is to provide information on a preliminary estimation of the deposit and the costs of the geologi­ cal investigations to be made. It also indicates whether it is available to continue the exploration or not.

Prospecting work includes three stages: 1) finding signs of the mineral; 2) finding the deposit; 3) exploring the deposit.

General indications of the possibility of exposing this or that mineral in a locality can be obtained by studying its general topo­ graphical relief, the type of ground and its general natural condi­ tions. Thus, in mountainous regions where fissures were formed

during the process of mountain formation, ore minerals could be expected in the fissure fillings. In hilly regions, sedimentary depos­ its would be expected.

Certain deposits are found only in a particular type of ground. Coal seams, for example, are found in sedimentary formations mainly consisting of sandstones and shales. Veins, on the other hand, are found in crystalline (igneous) rocks, and the type of country rock usually determines the type of minerals.

At present, prospecting methods to be used are as follows:

1.Surface geological and mineialogical prospecting such as panning.

2.Geophysical, geochemical, geobotanical prospecting.

3.Aerial photography with geological interpretation of the data to be obtained is highly effective from aircraft or helicopter. Besides, successful development of space research has made it possible to explore the Earth’s resources from space by satellites.

In modern prospecting the methods mentioned above are used together with the study of geological maps.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

7.Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фвктвмв из текств.

1.The search for economically useful mineral deposits is called proving.

2.Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of min­ eral deposits.

3.The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of galena.

4.The science of geology can explain the mode of occurrence of ore deposits.

5.As a rule prospecting includes four stages.

6.The study of general topographical relief and the type of ground makes it possible to expose this or that deposit.

7:Geologists know that certain deposits are only found in a particular type of ground.

8.As is known, veins are found in metamorphic rocks.

8.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.What is prospecting?

2.What is proving?

3.How did prospectors find mineral deposits in the 19th century?

4.Does gold occur in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal or as a heavy dark-grey one?

5.What metal is capable of attracting a piece of iron?

6.What does prospecting work provide?

7.What are the three main stages of prospecting?

8.Is it enough to know only the topographical relief of a locality for exposing this or that mineral?

9.What methods of prospecting do you know?

10.What are the most effective aerial methods of prospecting

now?

9. а) Найдите в правой колонкерусские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:

б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:

11. Определите, какой частью реча авлаютса выделенные слова.

Переведите предложении:

1.The search for primary gold deposits can be made by metallometric methods of prospecting.

2.The main aim of geological prospecting is to search for eco­ nomically useful deposits.

3.Geologists study geological prospecting maps drawn up on the basis of the preliminary search and forecast of the possible occurrence of new deposits.

4.The study of the character of a locality in the area of search will help determine prospecting methods to be used.

5.Prospecting work provides information on the cost of the geological investigations. It indicates how much these investigations cost and whether it is advisable to continue the exploration.

6.Geologists use geophysical methods.

7.As is known, the use of certain bacteria helps search for oil and gas.

12.Заполните пропуски в предложепиах, используй приведенные слова:

explore exploratory exploration exploring

а )l. deals with a complex range of geological, mining and economic problems. Its main task is to determine the quality, shape and mode of occurrence of mineral deposits and their main properties.

2. Exploration includes drilling and driving of openings. These ... openings can supply the most accurate information on the mineral exposed by them.

3.While ... a deposit the geologists establish its general size, determine shape, dimensions and quality.

4.The geological party was sent to ... a new deposit.