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1. ATTECTAUWl ~MCIIEPCHOrOCOCTABA MATEPMAJIOB |
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P a c n p o c |
~ p a ~ e ~ M~ eoTco n~obB |
aaanma A u c n e p c H o r o |
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a ~ a n m a ,B 0 0 6 u e |
r o B o p a , H e R s n a e T c r r |
n o ~ a 3 a ~ e nuxe ~6e3y- |
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X a p a K ~ e p ~ Ob l ~~ ~ CBB OM~ C T B O MC Y C ~ ~ H IIOpOllIKOB~ M ~ , |
M iDp030nek RBJIX- |
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ux c e A u M e a T a u M t i . |
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COCTOMT B H 3 M e p e - |
ma c x o p o c T a o c a x A e H H x Y a c T H u , K a K npamno, B x a n ~ o i icpene. C e n u ~ e ~ ~ a -
UMK) IlOA A ~ ~ C T B M~~a BMl l T a U H O H H O r 0n 0 n X H C n O n b 3 y t o T n n R ,UkiCIlepCkiOHHOrO
a~anusaa c T H u p a 3 ~ e p lo~-' - 10-4 M npe OTCYTCTBMM npoueccon arperaunw.
~ P CMT a U H O H a p H O M P e X H M e OCeAaHHR n O C T 0 a H H a X CKOpOCTb O C e A a H U H c@e- p B 9 e c K o f i YaCTHUbI PaAHYCOM r El IIJIOTHOCTbK) p B C p e A e C nJIOTHOCTbI0 Po H BR3KOCTbK) T l no 3aKOHY C T O K CP a~B H a :
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M O H O A H C I I ~ ~ C H OCHCTeMe~ YaCTElI&I OCGKaaIOTCR C O A H H ~ K O B OCKOpOCTbW,~ P a B -
HOG CKOPOCTH n e p e M e u e a m r p a a u q b l o c s e T n e H m cycne~3nu,.@ ~ H H ~ wC K O P O C T ~ MOXHO H ~ M ~ P UcTIIOMOW~H) ~ P M ~ O P O Be ,n H ~ a i i , r uonpenenm, M a c c y o c a f i r t a .
H a n p u ~ e p ,npn o c e n a H w u c y c n e ~ s ~nnq H n u H n p e M a c c a ocesmero 3a n p e M a r
BeLUeCTBa COCTaBJIReT
M a c c a ~ a c n e p c ~ o41a3b1,k H - n e p B o H a s a n a H a z B ~ I C O T c~ ~ o n 6 a
c y c n e ~ 3 uu~ -, cxopoc~b c a x A e H u n . H c n o n b s y x , H a n p u M e p , T O p C H O H H b I e B e C b l , M O K H O IIOCTpOkITb 3 K C I l e p H M e H T U I b H p 3aBEICEIMOCTb Ma CCbl OCaAKa OT B P e M e H M OCGKAeHHR . P ~ c c Y H T ~ I B ~ Kp) aT3 M e p YBCTRU, u c n o n b s y x 3aKOH C T O K CB B~H A e :
B IIOJIHAHCIIepCHbIX CHCTeMaX C ~ A H M ~ H T ~ I J A O HAHH~ CI ~~~ ~ ~ C H O aHWIW3H ~ I ~ ~
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CMaTPMBaTb KaK OTHenbHYIO MOHOAHClIePCHyH) CMCTeMy. CTPOBT3 K C n e p H M e H -
T ~ J I ~ H ~KKP MI B Y I ~c e A u M e H T a r l A u , n M e I o r U y I o BMA napa6onb1, s a ~ aeH a~n w T n s e - CKBMH AJIA ~ ~ + M Y ~ C K H MMeTOAaMAII HaXOABT H ~ O ~ X O ~ HXapaKTepHCTAKHM~I~ CBCTeMbI.
r p a @ W I e c K A f i M e T O n OCHOBaH H a pa3AeJIeHAA ~ K c I I ~ ~ H M ~ H T U I ~KH~OU$B O E
CeABMeHTaUBA H a YYaCTKM, COOTBeTCTByIoWMe B ~ I ~ P ~ I I HB~pIe M e H a M
HMR @ p a ~ ~ K~ajcia. ~ e n b ~ Kb ~K eP A B O ~I~I p o n o n x a t o T no n e p e c e s e H m c o c b m op-
AHHaT, OTpe3KW, OTCeKaeMbIe KaCaTeJIbHbIMA H a OCH, COOTBeTCTByIoT MaCCaM 4 p a ~ I J P i f iYaCTHU. MOXHOOUeHMTb PaAkiyC YaCTHLl ~ a x n o A4 p a K I J M H M IIOCTPOHTb
pacnpeneneetie sacmq no p a ~ ~ e p a ~ .
B sonxx c e n m e H T a q A x s a c T H u M a n o r o pamepa non ~ e i i c ~ r~p auB me a~u H -
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0cenaw.r H a 1 CM B T e Y e H H e 28 c e K y m , a pa?MepoM 10 HM - B T e Y e H H e r o n a . DJ~B
OCyWeCTBJIeHMB 6 b 1 ~ ~ 0 CeAHMeHTaIJAHfi A OIIpeneJIeHHX p a 3 M e p a MUIbIX YaCTUU HCIlOJIb3YIoT U ~ H T ~ O ~ ~ noneX H .Oy J~I b T P a I J e H T Q u 4 y I T i C ~ ~ C T O TBpaIQeHHRO~~ PO - T O p a B HeCKOnbKO AeCBTKOB TbICRY O ~ O P O T O BB CeKYHAY ( A 0 250 000 g) paspa60-
T a H b I IXlBeACKHM YYeHbIM
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po~opa.)
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C n e ~ w @o~n T~Has e c K H x CBOBCTBA H c I r e p c F i b r x c e c T e M o n p e n e n x e T c a ux re-
T e p o r e H H o c T b m I* ~ H c i 1 e p c H o c T b m .r e ~ e p o r e ~ ~ o ocnrpbe A e n x e T U ~ M ~ H ~H aH- M ~ n p a n n e H E i a c s e T o s b I x , ~ ~ ~ K T P O H H ~MIOXH,H ~ I XH ~ p y r ny~ei2xH a r p a H a u e pasne-
@a3 M He0,QHHaKOBOe I I O m O W e H M e ( I I p ~ n y ~ K a H k i e3THX) J I y q e G COnPRXeHHLIMM
a a 3 a ~ aAame. rrpa OTC~TCTBHHn o m o u e H I t n nepexonbl n y y s e i t OT r a c . r a q b r K sac-
T H U e IIpMBOfiRT K YMelIhUIeHMIO MHTeHCHBHOCTM nyseE, B b l X O A I l ~ M XH 3 CMCTeMbl.
C T e ~ l e H hCHHXeHMSI AHSCHCIIBHOCSM RbJXOAEIWMX H 3 CMCTeMbI n y ~ e AB H a n p a R J I e - HMH IIX IIaAeHMR T e M BbIUIe, s e M 6 o n b m e HeOAHOPOAHOCTb CIICTehfbI, BblLUe AMCJIepCHOCTb M KOHIJeHTpaURR A H C ~ ~ ~ C4 aH3 bO1 .~Y~~ e n H q e ~ MA Ue C n e P C H O C I M o6y-
c n o B ; r R s a e T |
i r p e o 6 n a ~ a c~B~e eT o p a c c e n H m H a A o T p a m e H M e M c B e T a OT n o n e p x H o - |
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B 30JIRX C 'IaCTMlJaMH, IIOrJIOI4aK)IqHMEI CBCT, Y M e H b U I e H H e p a 3 h f e p a |
B b I 3 b l B a e T C n B U r MaKCMMyMa n 0 r n O W e H H R B CTOPOHY 6onee KOPOTKHX AJIIlH BOJIH.
C~emosa xMutyocKonlur. B c ~ e ~ o s oMUKPOCKOnIIHi i |
A n n aeanma nucnepc- |
H O r O COCI'aBa HCnOJIb3jTOT CBeTOBbIe J I y s H . %OT MeTOA, KaK n p a B M J 0 , I I p H M e H n - |
IOT A n n aaanma M a T e p H m o B c p a 3 M e p a M H s a c r m 100 - 500 H M P a ~ p e ~ r ~ a m ~ a n
C ~ O C O ~ H O CMTH~K p O C K O n a ( C ~ O C O ~ H O CATa B~a T b p a 3 A e n h H O e ~ 3 0 6 p a x e T~O~r eeK
0 6 a e ~ T a p; a C n O X O X e H H b I X 6 ~ |
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X a p a K T e p U 3 y e T C R H a H M e H b U I U M |
paCCTORHHeM MCXjQ' H ~ ~ J I I o & |
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n J I R A H C n e p C H O H H O r O a H a J I H 3 a y n b T p a A M c n e p C H b I X M a T e p M a n O B 6onee n p H -
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CBeTOBblX J I y ~ e f iM C n O i l b 3 y W l |
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nOTOK 3 n e K T P O H O B , Y M e H b I l I m j l n H H Y |
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50 KB, COOTBeTClBYCT HpM- |
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M e p H 0 0,54 10' HM, T . e . T e O p e T H q e C K H BO3MO).KHOe |
p a 3 p e U l e H H e 3 n e K T p O H H O r O |
M H K p O C K O n a COCTaBJlReT 0,5 - 1,o HM. Ha n p a K T H K e p a 3 p e I I l e H M e n 0 C T H r a e T n p H - M e p H o 5 HM. Ilpu y l s e n w r e a m B 200 000 pa3 , q e T a n H p a 3 M e p o M 5 HM H a TPOHHOMkiKpOCKOnllYeCKUX @ O T O ~ ~ @ H I IBXn O J I H e AOCTYnHbl ' I e n O B e q e C K O M y ma-
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C n O n b 3 O B a T b u ~ M ~ ~ H T ~ J I L I OI ~~ IT~ H? ~ ~ C KMMKPOU ~ ? - |
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H a CHHMKaX, M O X H O Onpene,Tl.rTb p a 3 M e p s a C T B U H |
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no pamepaw |
nonysemn 3 ~ 0 f iI ? H @ O P M ~ ~ M IHCI - |
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TeMHOM OH^, KOTOPLle BHnHLI, A a X e eCJIM |
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M H o r o M e H b w e |
pasperuamweii c w n b I M u K p o c K o n a : K a x j l a f i B |
~ B ~ ~ ~ BI Ic pHe A~e R |
s a C r M U a H C n y C K a e T ~ ~ C C ~ R H HCBeT~I. ~T? ~ X H My n bKT p~a M M K p O C K O n H p O B a H M X no-
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C ~ R H H W~ CI T~H~q a M H CBeT HCnyCKaeTCR POBHO, 6e3 MHTaHMH, 3 T 0 rOBOPPiT 0 c@-
p m e c ~ o i i+ o p ~ e~ ~ C T M Ue~c nI M, ~ a 6 n m ~ a e M~ ecpxq a H u e , M o r n H o npennonoxw rb
nanos~oo6pa3~ymH H n ~ l a C T H H s a T y I 04 0 p M y .
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rae I. - k i H T e H c m H o a b nanmrrlero csera; n l M no - n o ~ a s a ~ e nup e n o M n e H m COOTBeTCTBeHHO A M C I I ~ ~ C H+a3b1O~ I? A M C I I ~ P C R O H H OC~p e n b l .
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ABYX 3 0 n e g C %iCTUUaMW |
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ueneii ~ c n o n b 3 y mrp~a n y k I p o B o r H b r e K p a B b l e .
Typ6udmemprn OCHOBFiHa H a H3MepeliMH HHTeHCUBHOCTU CBeT.3, npOLUen - ruero gepes A u c n e p c H y w c u c T e w y . B H e n o r n o ~ a m ~ ecisie T c u c T e M e uHTeHcMB-
H O C T ~nanamwero c s e T a y M e H b r u a e T c a B p e 3 y n ~ r a ~ele- o paccenmz r a c m u a M H ,qucnepc~oii+a3b1. E c n ~n p a H x T b p a c c e a ~ ~ bc~a ef Ti 3a GAKTHBHOn o r n o ~ e ~ ~ b ~ i i ,
MOXHO MCIIOnb30BaTb COOTHOLUeHUe, aHaJlOrlIgHOe 3aKOHY
r A e I, - U H T e H c m H o c T b npoulenmero cBeTa, I. - r i a n a m m e r o c s e T a ; 1 - . I . o n u M H a CnOX; 'C - K O ~ $ + H ~ B ~ HIlPO!XOPUHOHaJlbHOCTM, X ~ P ~ K T ~ ~ H ~ YC IHI O) CI O~~~I I UO C~T ~
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