vII0rMmjA6

8.A basic principle behind many kinds of alternative medicine is balance. Various forms of energy medicine are designed to bring the body into balance. This principle is an important one to keep in mind when considering alternative medicine. Before trying out any new therapy, it is a good idea to think over the pros and cons. Traditional medicine views disease as a distinct entity from the person who carries it. Most forms of alternative medicine emphasize whole-body care. Practitioners address not just the physical body but also the patient’s emotional and spiritual health. Traditional physicians can be strapped for time and pressured by insurance companies and packed waiting rooms.

9.A basic principle behind many kinds of alternative medicine is balance. Various forms of energy medicine are designed to bring the body into balance. This principle is an important one to keep in mind when considering alternative medicine. Before trying out any new therapy, it is a good idea to think over the pros and cons. Traditional medicine views disease as a distinct entity from the person who carries it. Most forms of alternative medicine emphasize whole-body care. Practitioners address not just the physical body but also the patient’s emotional and spiritual health. Traditional physicians can be strapped for time and pressured by insurance companies and packed waiting rooms. Alternative medicine practitioners typically place greater emphasis on one-on-one attention.

10.A basic principle behind many kinds of alternative medicine is balance. Various forms of energy medicine are designed to bring the body into balance. This principle is an important one to keep in mind when considering alternative medicine. Before trying out any new therapy, it is a good idea to think over the pros and cons. Traditional medicine views disease as a distinct entity from the person who carries it. Most forms of alternative medicine emphasize whole-body care. Practitioners address not just the physical body but also the patient’s emotional and spiritual health. Traditional physicians can be strapped for time and pressured by insurance companies and packed waiting rooms. Alternative medicine practitioners typically place greater emphasis on one-on-one attention.

Another draw to alternative medicine is its focus on prevention.

11.A basic principle behind many kinds of alternative medicine is balance. Various forms of energy medicine are designed to bring the body into balance. This principle is an important one to keep in mind when considering alternative medicine. Before trying out any new therapy, it is a good idea to think over the pros and cons. Traditional medicine views disease as a distinct entity from the person who carries it. Most forms of alternative medicine emphasize whole-body care. Practitioners address not just the physical body but also the patient’s emotional and spiritual health. Traditional physicians can be strapped for time and pressured by insurance companies and packed waiting rooms. Alternative medicine practitioners typically place greater emphasis on one-on-one attention.

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Another draw to alternative medicine is its focus on prevention. Many types of alternative medicine encourage patients to have “well visits”.

12.A basic principle behind many kinds of alternative medicine is balance. Various forms of energy medicine are designed to bring the body into balance. This principle is an important one to keep in mind when considering alternative medicine. Before trying out any new therapy, it is a good idea to think over the pros and cons. Traditional medicine views disease as a distinct entity from the person who carries it. Most forms of alternative medicine emphasize whole-body care. Practitioners address not just the physical body but also the patient’s emotional and spiritual health. Traditional physicians can be strapped for time and pressured by insurance companies and packed waiting rooms. Alternative medicine practitioners typically place greater emphasis on one-on-one attention.

Another draw to alternative medicine is its focus on prevention. Many types of alternative medicine encourage patients to have “well visits”. In response to increased consumer demand, funding for research studies on alternative medicine is growing.

13.A basic principle behind many kinds of alternative medicine is balance. Various forms of energy medicine are designed to bring the body into balance. This principle is an important one to keep in mind when considering alternative medicine. Before trying out any new therapy, it is a good idea to think over the pros and cons. Traditional medicine views disease as a distinct entity from the person who carries it. Most forms of alternative medicine emphasize whole-body care. Practitioners address not just the physical body but also the patient’s emotional and spiritual health. Traditional physicians can be strapped for time and pressured by insurance companies and packed waiting rooms. Alternative medicine practitioners typically place greater emphasis on one-on-one attention.

Another draw to alternative medicine is its focus on prevention. Many types of alternative medicine encourage patients to have “well visits”. In response to increased consumer demand, funding for research studies on alternative medicine is growing. But compared with traditional medical methods, evidence is still limited.

14.A basic principle behind many kinds of alternative medicine is balance. Various forms of energy medicine are designed to bring the body into balance. This principle is an important one to keep in mind when considering alternative medicine. Before trying out any new therapy, it is a good idea to think over the pros and cons. Traditional medicine views disease as a distinct entity from the person who carries it. Most forms of alternative medicine emphasize whole-body care. Practitioners address not just the physical body but also the patient’s emotional and spiritual health. Traditional physicians can be strapped for time and pressured by insurance companies and packed wait-

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ing rooms. Alternative medicine practitioners typically place greater emphasis on one-on-one attention.

Another draw to alternative medicine is its focus on prevention. Many types of alternative medicine encourage patients to have “well visits”. In response to increased consumer demand, funding for research studies on alternative medicine is growing. But compared with traditional medical methods, evidence is still limited. It has left many questions unanswered.

15.A basic principle behind many kinds of alternative medicine is balance. Various forms of energy medicine are designed to bring the body into balance. This principle is an important one to keep in mind when considering alternative medicine. Before trying out any new therapy, it is a good idea to think over the pros and cons. Traditional medicine views disease as a distinct entity from the person who carries it. Most forms of alternative medicine emphasize whole-body care. Practitioners address not just the physical body but also the patient’s emotional and spiritual health. Traditional physicians can be strapped for time and pressured by insurance companies and packed waiting rooms. Alternative medicine practitioners typically place greater emphasis on one-on-one attention.

Another draw to alternative medicine is its focus on prevention. Many types of alternative medicine encourage patients to have “well visits”. In response to increased consumer demand, funding for research studies on alternative medicine is growing. But compared with traditional medical methods, evidence is still limited. It has left many questions unanswered. Currently, there are several studies under way.

16.A basic principle behind many kinds of alternative medicine is balance. Various forms of energy medicine are designed to bring the body into balance. This principle is an important one to keep in mind when considering alternative medicine. Before trying out any new therapy, it is a good idea to think over the pros and cons. Traditional medicine views disease as a distinct entity from the person who carries it. Most forms of alternative medicine emphasize whole-body care. Practitioners address not just the physical body but also the patient’s emotional and spiritual health. Traditional physicians can be strapped for time and pressured by insurance companies and packed waiting rooms. Alternative medicine practitioners typically place greater emphasis on one-on-one attention.

Another draw to alternative medicine is its focus on prevention. Many types of alternative medicine encourage patients to have “well visits”. In response to increased consumer demand, funding for research studies on alternative medicine is growing. But compared with traditional medical methods, evidence is still limited. It has left many questions unanswered. Currently, there are several studies under way. Taking the best health care from both the traditional and alternative sides of medicine could be your best option.

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13. Translate the sentences into English:

1.Все граждане Российской Федерации имеют право на высококвалифицированную медицинскую помощь.

2.Каждый гражданин нашей страны может получить медицинскую помощь бесплатно.

3.Платные медицинские услуги включают в себя оказание профилактической, лечебно-диагностической, реабилитационной и зубопротезной помощи.

4.Профилактика позволяет предупредить и вовремя излечить сердечнососудистые, онкологические и другие заболевания.

5.Школьники регулярно проходят профилактические медицинские осмотры.

6.Увеличение продолжительности жизни – это проблема, которой занимается геронтология.

7.Оказание медицинской помощи организовано по территориальному принципу.

8.Пациенты могут получить первичную медицинскую помощь в поликлинике.

9.Участковый врач работает 7 часов в день: 4 часа принимает пациентов в поликлинике и три часа посещает пациентов на дому.

10.В нашей стране есть поликлиники для детей и для взрослых.

11.Легче предупредить заболевание, чем лечить, не так ли?

12.Чтобы поехать в санаторий или дом отдыха нужно иметь путевку.

13.Кроме оплачиваемого декретного отпуска, женщина имеет право на ежемесячное пособие.

14.Люди с хроническими заболеваниями состоят на учете в поликлинике.

15.Новые методы лечения широко используются в медицине.

16.Средняя продолжительность стационарного лечения – 10 дней.

17.Я записался на прием к хирургу на среду на 10 часов утра.

18.Врач продлил мне больничный лист еще на одну неделю.

19.Вы можете получить лекарство по рецепту в любой государственной аптеке.

20.Научно-исследовательские институты разрабатывают новые методы лечения и работают над усовершенствованием медицинского оборудования.

21.Научно-практические центры внедряют новые технологии в диагностику и лечение заболеваний.

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FOCUS ON READING

I. You will read the text about four great medical discoveries. Before you read, discuss the following with the partner:

1.Look at the title of the text. Who is the title quoting? What did he discover? In what situation did he utter ‘eureka’?

2.Look at the introduction and the titles of the four texts. What do you know about these discoveries? Why were they important? Which do you think was the most important?

3.The following phrases are taken from the text. Which discovery do you think

each one refers to?

a)… used for temporary headache relief…

b)… the technique of introducing material under the skin…

c)the fundamental ingredient of most antibiotics…

d)… recognised that the veins in the human body had one-way valves…

EURIKA!

Throughout history, key discoveries have changed the course of medical science. We look at four historic medical breakthroughs.

The Circulation of the Blood

William Harvey (1578–1657) undertook groundbreaking research into the circulation of the blood and the function of the heart. He dispelled the contem-

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porary belief that blood was propelled through the body by a pulsing action in the arteries; instead, he argued, the heart was at the centre of the circulatory system.

While at university of Padua in Italy, Harvey was tutored by the scientist and surgeon Hieronymus Fabricius. Fabricius recognised that the vein in the human body had one-way valves, but was puzzled as to what their function could be. It was Harvey who went on to solve the riddle. In 1628, he published his findings in a book entitled An Astronomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals. His discovery was received with great interest and accepted in England at once, although it was greeted with some skepticism on the continent.

Apart from offering insight into the function of the heart, Harvey’s work also debunked misconceptions about the role of the liver, the brain and the blood itself. His discovery left scientists with no choice but to reconsider the vast majority of medical theories which were up until then accepted, and to place medicine on a new footing. In effect, it was the beginning of modern medicine.

The Smallpox Vaccine

Born on 17th May 1749, Edward Jenner was the creator of the smallpox vaccine. It has been estimated that the task he started has led to the saving of more human lives than the work of any other person. Smallpox was the most feared and greatest killer of Jenner’s time. In today’s terms it was as deadly as cancer or heart disease. It killed 10% of the population, rising to 20% in towns and cities where infection spread easily.

From the early days of his career Edward Jenner had been intrigued by country-lore which said that people who caught cowpox form their cows (a mild skin infection which cleared up by itself after a few days) could not contract smallpox. In May 1796, a dairymaid consulted Jenner about a rash on her hand. He diagnosed cowpox, and at the same time decided that he would put the old wives’ tales to the test. He scratched the maid’s hand with a scalpel, and infected several of his patients with cowpox. As he had anticipated, and undoubtedly to his great relief, none of them caught smallpox.

Vaccination with cowpox became compulsory in 1853, and the technique of introducing material under the skin to produce protection against disease became universally known as vaccinations, a word derived from the Latin name for the cow (vacca), in Jenner’s honour.

Penicillin

In the early 1920s, the British scientist Alexander Fleming reported that a product in human tears could make bacterial cells dissolve. But Fleming’s finding, which he called lysozyme, would prove to be a dead end in the search for an efficacious antibiotic, since it typically destroyed nonpathogenic bacterial cells as well harmful ones.

Fleming’s second discovery, though would be one of medicine’s greatest breakthroughs. In 1928, he discovered another antibacterial agent, quite by

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chance. Returning from a weekend away, Fleming looked through a set of plates on which he had been growing bacteria cultures. On one of them, he found that colonies of the Staphylococcus bacteria had dissolved. He noticed that bacterial cells had disintegrated in an area next to the mould had caused it. That product was penicillin, the fundamental ingredient of most antibiotics now the standard treatment for infections.

While Fleming generally receives credit for discovering penicillin, he in fact merely rediscovered it. In 1896, the French medical student Ernest Duchesne had discovered the antibiotic properties of Penicillium, but failed to report a connection between the fungus and a substance that had antibacterial properties, and Penicillium was forgotten in the scientific community until Fleming’s rediscovery.

Aspirin

A bitter powder from the bark of a willow tree was first used by Hippocrates in the 5th century B.C., to treat aches and pains. Many centuries later, Felix Hoffman, an industrial chemist, synthesized the substance salicylic acid, and in 1893 he developed a commercial process for its production. In 1897, Hoffman’s superiors at Bayer and Company named this product Aspirin. Now, about 20 billion tablets of aspirin are consumed in Britain each year.

Aspirin works by reducing the body’s production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are enzymes that influence the rate and direction of a chemical reaction. In trying to protect the body when cells have been damaged, prostaglandins trigger fever (by acting on brain centres) and swelling, prevent blood vessel dilation and increase the sensitivity of pain receptors.

Taking aspirin can relieve many of the effects of prostaglandins. It is used for temporary headache relief, muscular aches and pains, toothaches and arthritis. It is also effective in the treatment of fever and inflammation, and is known to reduce the risk of strokes and heart attacks.

5.Explain the underlined words in the passage. Which words in the text come from ancient Greek or Latin?

6.Answer the following questions on the first section (The Circulation of the Blood).

What is ‘the riddle” referred to?

What does the writer mean by the phrase ‘it was greeted with some scepticism’?

Explain the phrase ‘place medicine on a new footing’.

Work in pairs and find other interesting phrases in the remaining three texts and explain them. Have a class feedback.

7.Project. Speak on more medical discoveries that have changed the cause of medical science.

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II. You’ll read the article from http://www.BreakingNewsEnglish.com Cen- turies-old diseases coming back

1.Rank these with your partner. Put the most important diseases to cure at the top:

2. Read the headline. Guess if a-h below are true (T) or false (F).

a.America’s health service reported on a rise in the number of TB cases. T / F

b.TB killed over 15 million people in 2013. T / F

c.TB is an infectious disease that affects the lungs. T / F

d.One of the symptoms of tuberculosis is weight loss. T / F

e.Many old people in England suffer from malnutrition. T / F

f.The number of old people with little food in England doubled in 3 years. T / F

g.A doctor said that malnutrition could not be treated. T / F

h.The doctor said there was enough of a focus on good medicine. T / F

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5. Read and answer the questions.

Centuries-old diseases coming back

Many diseases that doctors thought had almost disappeared are now making a comeback. Britain’s National Health Service (NHS) has reported a serious rise in the number of people with diseases such as tuberculosis (TB), cholera, measles and whooping cough.

An NHS spokesperson said that TB is now more common in England than it is in less developed countries such as Rwanda, Iraq, and Guatemala. Tuberculosis is also increasing across the globe. In 2013, it killed 1.5 million people worldwide, and that number is rising.

Tuberculosis largely affects very poor people. It is an infectious disease that affects the lungs. Its symptoms include bad coughs, fever, weight loss and sweating. Researchers say that many of the diseases that are making a comeback are both preventable and treatable.

One big problem in England is that TB is affecting old people who have malnutrition – they do not have enough to eat. The number of elderly who have to go without food has doubled in the past three years. This is putting these old people in greater danger of getting TB. A UK doctor said she did not understand why society wasn’t doing more to fight TB. She said: “Malnutrition is preventable. It is totally unacceptable that…there are at least one million older people malnourished or at risk of malnourishment.” She said there needed to be a bigger focus on better nutrition and proper medicine.

(from: http://www.BreakingNewsEnglish.com)

1.Who thought many diseases had disappeared?

2.Which country’s health service reported a rise in TB?

3.Where is TB more common than Rwanda, Iraq and Guatemala?

4.How many people did TB kill in 2013?

5.What organ in the body does TB affect?

6.Who is TB affecting in England?

7.What are a lot of old people in England having to go without?

8.What did a UK doctor say was preventable?

9.How many older people are malnourished in England?

10.What did a doctor say there needed to be a bigger focus on?

6. Work in groups of 4. Role play the discussion:

Role A – Influenza You think influenza is the most important disease to cure. Tell the others three reasons why. Tell them what people should do to help find a cure for this disease. Also, tell the others which is the most difficult of these to cure (and why): diabetes, obesity or cancer.

Role B – Diabetes You think diabetes is the most important disease to cure. Tell the others three reasons why. Tell them what people should do to help find a

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cure for this disease. Also, tell the others which is the most difficult of these to cure (and why): influenza, obesity or cancer.

Role C – Obesity You think obesity is the most important disease to cure. Tell the others three reasons why. Tell them what people should do to help find a cure for this disease. Also, tell the others which is the most difficult of these to cure (and why): diabetes, influenza or cancer.

Role D – Cancer You think cancer is the most important disease to cure. Tell the others three reasons why. Tell them what people should do to help find a cure for this disease. Also, tell the others which is the most difficult of these to cure (and why): diabetes, obesity or influenza.

7.Surf the Internet and find out more about the diseases mentioned in the article. Share what you discover with your partner(s).

III. You’ll read the article from http://www.BreakingNewsEnglish.com Scientists close to influenza vaccine

1. Rank these with your partner. Put the things scientists should stop at the top:

2. Read the headline. Guess if a-h below are true (T) or false (F):

a.The article says scientists are a year away from a flu vaccine. T / F

b.The article says a vaccine is good for those who have an annual flu jab. T / F

c.The vaccine is being tested by two different research teams. T / F

d.The vaccine has been tested on mice and monkeys. T / F

e.Influenza kills close to 20 million people a year. T / F

f.Finding a vaccine is difficult because the virus is always changing. T / F

g.Vaccines in the USA reduced the risk of getting flu by 50% last year. T / F

h.The new research will not be able to help with a vaccine for HIV. T / F

3. Match the following synonyms from the article:

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