doichik_oia_modal_verbs_theory_and_practice
.pdfCommon responses with modals are: You can/may or |
- affirmative: Of course you |
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You can’t / may not |
can / may (*Not “could / |
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Numerous non-modal responses are |
might”) |
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Of course (polite affirmative), |
- negative: No, you can’t / |
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I’m afraid not, I’d rather you didn’t (polite, |
may not. |
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negative), |
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(Not “could not”/”might |
Certainly not (blunt refusal). |
not”) |
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A polite refusal is usually accompanied by some kind |
I’m afraid you can’t take my |
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of explanation (I‟m afraid you can‟t because…) |
car. I need it for the whole |
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day. |
** We use can (not may) / be allowed to to speak |
** I can stay up as late as I |
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about permissions |
like. My parents don‟t mind. |
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These yellow lines mean that |
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you can’t park here. |
Past permission can be expressed by could in general |
Last night the kids were |
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situations or by was / were allowed to in general and |
allowed to stay up longer. |
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particular situations |
I could / couldn’t walk alone |
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when I was small. (or: I |
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was(n’t) allowed to walk |
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alone when I was small). |
PROHIBITION |
You shouldn’t talk to me |
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Should not (inadvisable = you‟d better not; less |
like that |
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strict) |
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Cannot |
(generally, according to the |
- Can I stay out late |
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circumstances; you are not allowed) |
- No, you may not / can’t / |
May not (speaker‟s personal prohibition; or |
mustn’t stay out late. |
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formal contexts) |
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Am/is/are |
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You are not to open this |
not to (giving instructions in formal contexts) |
door. |
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Must not (speaker‟s absolute prohibition; often |
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subjective, implies that there is no other |
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choice) |
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You shall do as you please |
* In formal contexts permission can be given with |
(=I allow you to) |
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shall and denied with shan’t (2nd and 3rd persons) |
If he doesn‟t finish, he shan’t |
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go out (=I don‟t allow him |
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to) |
EXERCISES:
1.Make requests for permission and supply the answers:
1. You are visiting a close friend and you want to borrow his car_____
________________________________________________________
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2.You are at a party given by people you hardly know. You want to see their garden_____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3.You are visiting your distant relatives and want to use their library__
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4.You are in an office and need to make a phone call______________
________________________________________________________
5.You are in a hotel and need to talk to the administrator__________
_______________________________________________________
2.Write sentences to express prohibition:
1.It is not advisable that you stay up so late_____________________
_______________________________________________________
2.It is not allowed to smoke inside___________________________
_______________________________________________________
3.I do not allow the strangers to use my phone__________________
_______________________________________________________
4.According to the instructions he is not allowed to move these things
________________________________________________________
5.I forbid you to speak to your parents like that!__________________
________________________________________________________
Self-study task:
Translate the sentences:
1.Хай робить, як знає.
2.Вибачте, скажіть, будь ласка, котра година?
3.Чи міг би я скористатися Вашим телефоном?
4.Ти не отримаєш морозиво, доки не вивчиш вірш.
5.Не можна залишати дім незамкненим.
6.Нам не дозволяли повертатися додому пізно, коли були малими.
7.Можна, я візьму твій записник?
8.Не слід пропускати заняття.
9.Вам не можна туди заходити, поки триває екзамен.
10.Не можна нікому брати мої речі!
11.Туди не можна їхати – там закрита дорога.
12.Не слід запізнюватися.
13.Чи міг би я попросити Вас про послугу?
14.Чи можна скористатися Вашою ручкою?
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LESSON 6. CRITICISM. REPROACH. OUTRAGE. STRONG
DISAPPROVAL
To express criticism / disapproval / reproach |
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referring to the present or future we use: |
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Can |
(criticism about repetitive things) |
You can be very annoying, you know? |
Could (sounds less direct than can in |
You could help me now. |
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expressing disapproval) |
You could be less arrogant |
Should (criticism on what is the wrong |
You should not talk to your mom like |
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thing to do according to the |
that |
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speaker) |
He should dress warmer |
Ought to (criticism based on moral duties) |
You oughtn’t to throw litter here |
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Might (sounds less strong than should; a |
You might be more polite |
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nagging complaint) |
You might clean after yourself |
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To express criticism / disapproval / reproach |
You could have written your essay |
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referring to the past we use: |
better |
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Could + have + V3 |
He could have helped you |
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Should + have + V3 |
You should have booked the tickets in |
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Ought to + have + V3 |
advance |
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Might + have + V3 (less strong than should) |
Of course, you feel sick. You shouldn’t |
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The use of these forms indicates that the |
have eaten so much chocolate. |
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past action wasn‟t carried out the way the |
You might have told me you weren't |
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speaker thinks it was right to be done. |
coming! |
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* Note |
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Might/could (at least) + V1 is used to |
You might at least clean after yourself |
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express reproach |
He might at least be less annoying |
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**Note |
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Might have + V3 with the verbs guess, |
I might have guessed it was a lie |
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know, suspect reinforce complaint |
I might have suspected he would fail |
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to follow the instructions |
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To express reprimand / outrage / strong |
How dare you suggest such a thing! |
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disapproval we use dare /dared |
How dare you raise your voice! |
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Don’t you dare speak to me like that! |
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How dared he tell it to everyone! |
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EXERCISES:
1.Rewrite the sentences to express criticism / reproach / disapproval:
1.Don‟t be so rude________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2.I think you are too absent-minded_________________________
________________________________________________________
3.I don‟t think you are right when you forget about the details______
________________________________________________________
4.It was your duty to answer the calls. Why didn‟t you?___________
_________________________________________________________
5.Is it possible that you be more attentive?_____________________
_________________________________________________________
6.It would be better if you closed the door every time you leave____
_________________________________________________________
7.Why didn‟t you warn everyone about her arrival?______________
_________________________________________________________
8.It was wrong of you to speak like that with the boss____________
_______________________________________________________
9.I think you were able to change the situation, but you didn‟t______
________________________________________________________
10.You ate too much, that‟s why you are sick____________________
________________________________________________________
11.It would have been much better if you hadn‟t quit______________
_________________________________________________________
12.He is boastful sometimes. It‟s annoying______________________
_________________________________________________________
Self-study task:
Translate the sentences:
1.Тобі слід було уважніше переходити дорогу.
2.Як він посмів так на неї кричати?
3.Не смій забувати добро, зроблене тобі!
4.Я міг би і здогадатися, що ти забудеш про обіцянку.
5.Якщо не допомагаєш, то могла б принаймні не критикувати.
6.Ти міг би час від часу прибирати свою кімнату.
7.Не слід було так хвилюватися через дрібниці.
8.Вона часом дуже набридлива, коли надто багато запитує.
9.Він мав можливість все виправити!
10.Ти могла запобігти цьому!
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LESSON 7. PROMISE. WILLINGNESS. REFUSAL
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To express willingness to do something |
I will act as a witness to your story |
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we use will / would (=be willing to). |
He will help you |
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Will → Present |
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Would → Past |
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To express unwillingness / refusal we |
He won’t drink his milk |
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use: |
The car won’t start |
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Won’t → Present |
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Wouldn’t → Past |
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It can refer to inanimate objects |
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*Note |
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Would can be used to express |
Dad would always help us with our |
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willingness in the past (but only to refer |
maths. (= was always willing to) |
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to general willingness = habit and not to |
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refer to a single occasion in the past) |
I offered him some milk but he wouldn’t |
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Wouldn’t can be used for refusal on a |
drink it |
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single occasion in the past |
The car wouldn’t start this morning |
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** Note |
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In the meaning of willingness will/won’t |
If you will take a seat for a moment, the |
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can be used after if in the First |
doctor will see you soon (=if you are |
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conditional. |
willing to) |
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With the future reference we can also use |
If you will / would / could wait a moment |
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other modals in this sense: If smb will / |
I‟ll join you. |
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would / could… |
If he will / would / could only try harder, |
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I‟m sure he‟ll succeed. |
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Shall I wait? – Yes, if you will / would |
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To express promise we use will |
I will help you with your baggage, when |
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you arrive. |
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To express polite disagreement we use |
I wouldn’t say that |
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would / wouldn’t |
I would do it otherwise |
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EXERCISES:
1.Rewrite the sentences with will / won’t / would / wouldn’t to express willingness / refusal:
1.My son refused to do the shopping___________________________
________________________________________________________
2.Don‟t you mind waiting for a few minutes, please?______________
________________________________________________________
3.My mom always insisted on telling the truth___________________
________________________________________________________
4.She is always unwilling to speak about herself_________________
________________________________________________________
5.Every time I was in a hurry my car refused to start______________
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6.He disagreed to carry those heavy boxes______________________
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7.She never asks for help when she is in trouble__________________
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8.I hope you don‟t mind being asked a few questions______________
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9.I offered her some coffee, but she refused to drink it_____________
________________________________________________________
10.I will be happy to book the tickets for you_____________________
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Self-study task:
Translate the sentences:
1.Коли ти переїжджатимеш, я допоможу тобі з речами.
2.Він завжди відмовляється їсти, коли я готую.
3.Я б не продавала цей дім, він затишний.
4.Мій брат завжди був не проти подивитися зі мною мультфільми.
5.Якби ти захотів почекати хвильку, я б знайшов це місце на карті.
6.Якщо захочеш спробувати ще раз, я тебе підтримаю.
7.Вона ніяк не хоче збирати з нами ягоди.
8.Він завжди відмовлявся, коли я пропонував свою допомогу.
9.Я б по-іншому умеблювала цю кімнату.
10.Завтра я кину палити.
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LESSON 8. OFFER. SUGGESTION. REQUEST. INSTRUCTIONS.
ORDER. THREAT
Typical offers can be formed with the help |
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of the following modals: |
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Can I help you? |
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Can |
(neutral) |
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We could do that for you |
Could |
(more tentative than can) |
May I help you? |
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Shall |
(very common) |
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Might I be of some assistance? |
May |
(formal) |
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Shall I open the window (for you)? |
Might |
(the most formal one) |
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Yes, please / No, thank you. |
or the following modal phrases: |
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Will / Won’t you have? |
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Would / Wouldn’t you like? |
Will you have some sandwich? |
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Would you like some coffee? |
Typical responses are: |
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Yes, please / No, thank you. |
Yes, I‟d love one, please. |
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Yes, I’d like / love some / one, please. |
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*Typical requests are formed with the help |
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of the following modal verbs: |
Can / could / may / might I have some |
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Can (informal) |
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coffee (please)? |
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Could (more polite than can) |
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May (formal) |
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Of course you can/may |
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Might (very formal, polite) |
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No, you can’t / may not, I‟m afraid |
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Typical responses |
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Of course you can/may |
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No, you can’t / may not, I’m afraid |
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**To ask someone to do something we use: |
Can you close the window? |
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Can / Could you (please)…? (ability) |
Could you pass the salt? |
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Will you (please)…? |
(willingness, |
Will you bring me some milk from the |
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informal) |
fridge? |
Would you (please)…? |
(willingness, |
Would you fill in this form, please? |
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more polite than will ) |
Would you mind opening the window |
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Would you mind + V-ing? |
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(for me)? |
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To sound more polite we may use: |
Can you possibly open that window? |
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Will / Would you kindly…? |
Will you kindly remove this chair? |
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Can / Could you possibly…? |
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Typical responses: |
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Yes, of course I will |
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No, I‟m afraid I can’t (at the moment) |
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***We can make a request by using will |
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you as a question tag (when we expect the |
Come with us, will you? |
positive answer) |
Bring those books next time, will you? |
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To make (or to ask for) a suggestion which |
Shall we go out for a pizza tonight? |
includes the speaker we use shall |
What shall we do about this dog? |
We can also use can / could / might to |
Shall we go for a swim? |
suggest actions |
You can / could / might go for a swim. |
To make a polite suggestion we use would |
Would you like to join us? |
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It would be great to come together. |
* Note |
* |
In US English should is often used for |
Let‟s decide about tonight. Should we |
suggestions |
go bowling? |
**Note |
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In question tags after Let’s we use shall. |
Let’s visit her tomorrow, shall we? |
Typical responses: |
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Yes, let’s, (shall we)? |
Yes, let‟s, (shall we)? |
No, I’d rather not |
No, I‟d rather not |
No, I’d rather we didn’t |
No, I‟d rather we didn‟t |
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To express an order or formal instruction |
You shall all stay and clean the room! |
we use the following modals: |
When he comes, nobody shall say a |
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word! |
shall |
Everyone is to write a 5-page essay. |
be to |
You are to test your blood pressure |
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every day. |
***Note |
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Shall can also express threat, promise, |
You shall pay for your words (threat) |
determination |
You shall have this watch for your |
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birthday (promise) |
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They shall not pass! (determination) |
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**** Note |
You really must come and see us some |
Must is used in pressing invitations |
time |
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EXERCISES:
1.Complete the sentences to express offer / suggestion /request and give possible answers:
1._________ you like some coffee?__________________________
2._________ you shut the window for me? I‟m cold______________
3._________ get some tea for you?__________________________
4._________ borrow your pen?______________________________
5._________ bring a newspaper for you, dad?___________________
6._________ order some pizza for us?_________________________
7._________ we go for a walk together?________________________
8._________ like to watch this film with me?___________________
9._________ you turn the radio off?__________________________
10._________ ask you for a favour?____________________________
2.Make up offers / suggestions / requests to match the situations
1.You want your friends to join you for a meal___________________
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2.You want to spend your holidays with your parents______________
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3.You want your friend to translate the sign for you_______________
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4.You want the stranger in the shop to hold the door open for you____
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5.You offer your help to a lady with a heavy suitcase______________
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Self-study task:
Translate the sentences:
1.Заповніть цю анкету, будь ласка.
2.Можна я закрию двері?
3.Мені зробити нам дві кави?
4.Ти не проти почитати мені трохи?
5.Ти міг би принести мені яблуко з кухні?
6.Будь добра, вимкни телевізор.
7.Давай підемо поплаваємо
8.Всім залишатися на своїх місцях!
9.Кожен має пройти медогляд перед забігом.
10.Ти точно мусиш з нами повечеряти сьогодні!
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LESSON 9. CHARACTERISTICS. PAST HABITS. COURAGE. LACK OF COURAGE. CHALLENGING
To express habits we use: |
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Past habits: |
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When I was young, I always got up at 6 |
Will |
(characteristic habits or behavior) |
When I was young, I used to get up at 6 |
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would (past habits / characteristic habits) |
When I was young, I would (always) get |
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used to (past habits or states) |
up at 6 |
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* used to refers only to the past habits or |
* I used to smoke, but I don‟t now |
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states. We speak about the habits someone |
He never used to smoke, but he does |
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no longer has. |
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now |
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He used to live in Lviv |
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Did he use to live in Lviv? |
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He didn’t use to live in Lviv |
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He never used to live in Lviv |
** would can be used to talk about regular |
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activities, particularly in telling stories or |
“When I was a boy we always spent / |
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some memories. Would is never used at |
we used to spend our holidays in the |
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the beginning of a story: it should start |
village. We would get up at 6 and we‟d |
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with used to or simple past. |
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help our grandma…” |
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*** |
will can refer to someone‟s characteristic |
In summer he will often sit in the sun |
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habits or behavior in the present. |
for hours (present) |
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would |
can |
refer |
to |
someone‟s |
In summer he would often sit in the sun |
characteristic habits or behavior in the |
for hours (past). |
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past. |
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We can use will / won’t to talk about |
Every class is the same: he‟ll come in, |
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routines or predictable actions |
he won’t greet us, but he’ll start giving |
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us instructions. |
We can use will / won’t to talk about the |
The hall will hold 500 people (can hold) |
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characteristics of capacity or ability / |
Water won’t boil at under 100°C |
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describe natural tendency (can is also |
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possible here) |
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To speak about |
annoying |
habits or to |
She will leave her things everywhere |
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criticize someone‟s behavior we use: |
He won’t switch off the lights when he‟s |
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Will / won’t |
(present reference) |
last out of the office! |
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Would / wouldn’t (past reference) |
Dad would always tell me how I should |
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live. |
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